tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32266087128191599922024-03-09T07:18:57.810+11:00Mark the GraphI like to plot!Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.comBlogger267125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-48031160763521312132022-05-01T13:47:00.004+10:002022-05-02T10:35:39.569+10:00The housing affordability that will matter<p>When people talk about housing affordability, they are not always talking about the same thing. There are three distinct housing affordabilities:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><u><b>purchase</b></u> affordability - how much it costs to buy a new or existing house at the time of the purchase, </li><li><u><b>repayment</b></u> affordability- how much it costs to service a mortgage on a house, and</li><li><u><b>rental</b></u> affordability- how much it costs to rent a house.<br /></li></ul><p>In this post I want to talk about the one that will be important over the next 18 months: repayment affordability. <br /></p><p>As interest rates were lowered following the COVID pandemic, these were capitalised into higher housing prices. This is a long run trend, since the peak home loan rates in 1990. As lower and lower interest rates have allowed borrowers to borrow more money, this has contributed to higher and higher house purchase prices. [Note, this is not the only contributor to growing house prices; for example, long-run growth in two income households has also been important].<br /></p>But this is all about to change. It has been more than 30 years since Australia has operated in world of high inflation. Most of our nation’s policy thinking is now rooted in the low interest world of recent decades. Yet the latest headline inflation figure of 5.1 per cent suggests we might be about to re-experience high inflation (above the agreed target of keeping inflation within a 2 to 3 per cent per year range).<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9LNTXlZV6FTZ5rqQZz3Uf6lbItG1tPn38e4xvJzgYNOid7Gj-lenqGa--9hSvaYpkU2tgTBGTmDPXKWrV7ZTI0fwpLjcfPDS1TaRdyAKj13Vu-KZoRU3GM0cQjRw3AdXEhQQ0-Ufe5scQPKVUdRsfREDoDlkcQlxRkIG63fro4kZ5AewmJRLr0lIb/s1000/All%20groups%20CPI%20;%20%20Australia-growth-full.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9LNTXlZV6FTZ5rqQZz3Uf6lbItG1tPn38e4xvJzgYNOid7Gj-lenqGa--9hSvaYpkU2tgTBGTmDPXKWrV7ZTI0fwpLjcfPDS1TaRdyAKj13Vu-KZoRU3GM0cQjRw3AdXEhQQ0-Ufe5scQPKVUdRsfREDoDlkcQlxRkIG63fro4kZ5AewmJRLr0lIb/w640-h320/All%20groups%20CPI%20;%20%20Australia-growth-full.png" width="640" /></a><p>Higher inflation means the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) will lift interest rates to bring downward pressure on inflation. The <a href="https://www2.asx.com.au/markets/trade-our-derivatives-market/futures-market/rba-rate-tracker">ASX RBA rate tracker</a> indicates there is a one-third probability that interest rates will increase on Tuesday this week. Rates will almost certainly rise by the first Tuesday in June. Over the next 18 months, the markets think that the RBA cash target rate will rise from the current target of 0.1 per cent to just over 3.3 per cent. That is a substantial increase.<br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib1Dbed1x7UqdNTRyO6nUY5lTcwi65ylI5COBEvvySfeioNv1Q1r2339xAkWKllZWgPkhgzGU2xCXWlz0Daolc6j23bqiJlpWPiW1nVev4hLglrVk3mhGBlZmOp8vXYNFqAnZDPPDFJGevN1aA59iJsM5c-Pa_HrYbbnZr__AH34WI4NSTOc1THLd3/s1239/RBA%20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="836" data-original-width="1239" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib1Dbed1x7UqdNTRyO6nUY5lTcwi65ylI5COBEvvySfeioNv1Q1r2339xAkWKllZWgPkhgzGU2xCXWlz0Daolc6j23bqiJlpWPiW1nVev4hLglrVk3mhGBlZmOp8vXYNFqAnZDPPDFJGevN1aA59iJsM5c-Pa_HrYbbnZr__AH34WI4NSTOc1THLd3/w640-h432/RBA%20.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>What does this mean for variable rate home loans? The short answer is that they are likely to increase by a similar amount. By December they may be around 2.5 per cent higher, and by June next year they may be 3.2 per cent higher. </p><p>According to the <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/finance/lending-indicators/latest-release">ABS</a>, the average new home loan for an owner occupier was \$595,873 in February 2022, down from \$620,315 in January 2022. According to the <a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/interest-rates/">RBA</a>, owner-occupier variable home loan rates are typically around 2.5 per cent, per year. </p><p>A 30 year, \$600,000 loan, with an interest rate of 2.5% has monthly repayments of \$2371. At a notional 5 per cent home loan borrowing rates in December 2022, the repayment increases to \$3221 per month. And at 5.7 per cent in September 2023, the repayment would be \$3482 per month. </p><p>Even for people whose loan is half that amount, they will experience a dramatic increase in household costs. A 25 year, \$300,000 loan, at a 2.5% interest rate has a monthly repayment of \$1346 per month. At 5% interest rate, the repayment becomes \$1754. At 5.7% the monthly repayment is \$1878. </p><p>If inflation breaks out as the market expects, and the RBA reacts as the market expects, repayment affordability will become the big concern of middle Australia over the next 18 months. </p><p>Ironically, when interest rates on home loans appreciate, house prices are likely to depreciate. This means that purchase affordability should improve over the next 18 months (albeit, not as much as some would hope as house prices are often what economists call sticky-downwards). Reduced house prices will leave some recent home-buyers with a difficult decision. Do they stay with an increased mortgage they are finding difficult to afford, or do they sell their new house and take a loss because house prices have fallen (what is good for the buyer is bad for the seller). </p><p></p>Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-90689574882746704262021-12-25T06:50:00.003+11:002021-12-25T07:10:02.236+11:00Christmas 2021 - a complete set of Covid charts for Australia<p>At Christmas 2019 I was newly retired and completely unaware of the global pandemic that was already nascent in Wuhan China. The past two years have been a rough, roller-coaster ride. The shock of the initial cases and deaths. Victoria's second wave. The serendipity that flattening the curve managed to achieve the elimination of local transmission. A slower start to mass vaccination in Australia compared with other high income nations. The arrival of the more infectious Delta variant, which proved challenging in NSW and Victoria, and the resulting interstate travel restrictions. And in the past four weeks, the arrival of the even more infectious Omicron variant. Largely as a result of Omicron, 14 per cent of all Australian cases occurred in the past week. <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoh09p3t-rXjeFqKevm9-aFSXRGVrD2XPpVPGvlkiJp09SuXC9os7fWHzUD6yyiA3Z40XwvorAdOGfcT1TinFlTSU_CVAamRmP0IFqvNMZs8hyPkeGwvC2GPTTpxhuSE74croVmMUU2NU/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoh09p3t-rXjeFqKevm9-aFSXRGVrD2XPpVPGvlkiJp09SuXC9os7fWHzUD6yyiA3Z40XwvorAdOGfcT1TinFlTSU_CVAamRmP0IFqvNMZs8hyPkeGwvC2GPTTpxhuSE74croVmMUU2NU/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+Australia+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbVOVszRvnD-09jPcgRjcUHIwSM4AFNL8-HCU4PuD8HEAXupkTLSH7R5vrHo1YTIDhryb4u66qqb93j_jsfiOWe2PCL4CtLmCvErS6BGhbImgov33K0S9eEQzKZwYaM75wSy5K7x5aseg/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbVOVszRvnD-09jPcgRjcUHIwSM4AFNL8-HCU4PuD8HEAXupkTLSH7R5vrHo1YTIDhryb4u66qqb93j_jsfiOWe2PCL4CtLmCvErS6BGhbImgov33K0S9eEQzKZwYaM75wSy5K7x5aseg/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+WA+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivxuWmtImWK4VMztpiyYO1nsnbalkac2eTbh-vf-ikuBCaCcbvH82jQiyn-bff8fZSvmvhJhiX7QqXM8vG27c36gVeTXttVx6LSOPmLC2Oj8obTCvabhvn33_jNH_n0hgi6M6cHnIE0s0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivxuWmtImWK4VMztpiyYO1nsnbalkac2eTbh-vf-ikuBCaCcbvH82jQiyn-bff8fZSvmvhJhiX7QqXM8vG27c36gVeTXttVx6LSOPmLC2Oj8obTCvabhvn33_jNH_n0hgi6M6cHnIE0s0/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+Victoria+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-yJ7_8ik2F1GKpjVzAeI9JPoim9YItRAnAI1n2zPqamj5n7mKvfJapChvTiSyTSuhQjjdrin2WyOppoSwN8VfAEm2rA7OK3RU5-n7B5EZ5_24ac1D62dH8gj5VBzMiw14W035Y3JWQeU/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-yJ7_8ik2F1GKpjVzAeI9JPoim9YItRAnAI1n2zPqamj5n7mKvfJapChvTiSyTSuhQjjdrin2WyOppoSwN8VfAEm2rA7OK3RU5-n7B5EZ5_24ac1D62dH8gj5VBzMiw14W035Y3JWQeU/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+Tasmania+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqQo1FhRaVDd3p9CDVCpIcSVQx3kLIWfHpcIfU-zyRMBzFAMr-AEGJBHfpYnahLp7QZL1hJY1H4gR7KYeiwRES-b3i4-AJHS53KCEb0uE9pyQ9BzMI8bQ547PZgrTfvznjurqgz2fk8vQ/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqQo1FhRaVDd3p9CDVCpIcSVQx3kLIWfHpcIfU-zyRMBzFAMr-AEGJBHfpYnahLp7QZL1hJY1H4gR7KYeiwRES-b3i4-AJHS53KCEb0uE9pyQ9BzMI8bQ547PZgrTfvznjurqgz2fk8vQ/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+SA+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-YapEDQQ3N8BoRye9AhgXHF0HGx45z2ANtxY5PKOWaHJx1QM_lCU7gwnPR1jSLhKxMOFIdpxvFtRvcdpF7jBTRUOdirbaRVJ_m_7f40RSCx68Ouffra8xl7mrtZJx13yVqcYQZivMd3A/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-YapEDQQ3N8BoRye9AhgXHF0HGx45z2ANtxY5PKOWaHJx1QM_lCU7gwnPR1jSLhKxMOFIdpxvFtRvcdpF7jBTRUOdirbaRVJ_m_7f40RSCx68Ouffra8xl7mrtZJx13yVqcYQZivMd3A/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+Queensland+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpJ3KnfeFbB0JDMUPaFLUSl9YK35fR3-o6qu6o8XMFRWGbtMhm83mu-Lu6ewi7qL-9F_2ygEWRIrk8DUaB4R8za264on5mjhcYVhqEOVQtIgLXdH33WaHxsIOSsX3VgvxXtOjnOdUCdCE/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpJ3KnfeFbB0JDMUPaFLUSl9YK35fR3-o6qu6o8XMFRWGbtMhm83mu-Lu6ewi7qL-9F_2ygEWRIrk8DUaB4R8za264on5mjhcYVhqEOVQtIgLXdH33WaHxsIOSsX3VgvxXtOjnOdUCdCE/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+NT+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid5VULx3GpK-6XKtjgqOTNYxt17-8UObnSOjB4WbUgUKX5Yo8W3D-43w60mnwPYd-8MNQU2A3BCmgz_KvPYiXFNikB0gyXxxLzRM0ZELK_HT_pVM1O8g5JwjSx4MN5yUohPRT-K5b1hXA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid5VULx3GpK-6XKtjgqOTNYxt17-8UObnSOjB4WbUgUKX5Yo8W3D-43w60mnwPYd-8MNQU2A3BCmgz_KvPYiXFNikB0gyXxxLzRM0ZELK_HT_pVM1O8g5JwjSx4MN5yUohPRT-K5b1hXA/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+NSW+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiczUP6H7Icd9zBpFb_zJoXlOQMZJDGu8hhXfB-PvUTdoAty12eF9E6FDw4-3ACp9bARfLreQlkDN2dg4ihC4YX2LLiKrG6Up9zzgxOpoURwOMr1CXT7_TkTI_knXN2K6ORbHBDxb9k_PA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiczUP6H7Icd9zBpFb_zJoXlOQMZJDGu8hhXfB-PvUTdoAty12eF9E6FDw4-3ACp9bARfLreQlkDN2dg4ihC4YX2LLiKrG6Up9zzgxOpoURwOMr1CXT7_TkTI_knXN2K6ORbHBDxb9k_PA/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+ACT+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>So far, the case burden of COVID-19 has been felt the most in Victoria, followed by NSW.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH2JeMstHVmXnb9zHHAwDwkHDu3PBVnk9ZbA55s8lsA0JQObFLUmlMkwvrokbdIuNE094C5mqo6xSOcsHAr-VP1y_pWxKwnoHPjF0lK7ploe2LR8Is1v6WQictPnUqQEYwrw9m-E5W5zs/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH2JeMstHVmXnb9zHHAwDwkHDu3PBVnk9ZbA55s8lsA0JQObFLUmlMkwvrokbdIuNE094C5mqo6xSOcsHAr-VP1y_pWxKwnoHPjF0lK7ploe2LR8Is1v6WQictPnUqQEYwrw9m-E5W5zs/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Cumulative+COVID19+cases.png" width="640" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Recent case growth with Omicron can be mapped in a few ways. Let's focus on NSW, as it has a longer Omicron growth trajectory. We are seeing daily new case numbers double every 4 days or so in NSW. The effective reproduction number is around 2 in NSW (every infected person infects two others on average). <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKMV9YBtM-I3gv3uDEsilP0wz21zvSVyS7fgCoGJaIb97SlBUY487eeUswFbbt9wYV64eJ6DSJMUmo9k1nw2l2xHQO_o4U1qLWzRQGvFjUqgqvNXWXvlbU1TrHOE_enrSYtfDX46ds8l0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKMV9YBtM-I3gv3uDEsilP0wz21zvSVyS7fgCoGJaIb97SlBUY487eeUswFbbt9wYV64eJ6DSJMUmo9k1nw2l2xHQO_o4U1qLWzRQGvFjUqgqvNXWXvlbU1TrHOE_enrSYtfDX46ds8l0/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Multiple+growth+paths+-+NSW-0.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-dKeHyIAds2003_ysv5LnJ5s3ZrwV1IN9PgpkLuZCd88SXduj9pm1rrqYPofhZwMYpzKluJ_BSV5UXVhiO2-kNgg4gNdokMmdYz7_GMdPEDwHCL2I7gq-gEpWNJKCbNCvI3S_p7mrWuQ/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-dKeHyIAds2003_ysv5LnJ5s3ZrwV1IN9PgpkLuZCd88SXduj9pm1rrqYPofhZwMYpzKluJ_BSV5UXVhiO2-kNgg4gNdokMmdYz7_GMdPEDwHCL2I7gq-gEpWNJKCbNCvI3S_p7mrWuQ/w640-h320/%2521AS2-COVID-19+Growth+-+NSW+16-Jun-21+%2528Delta%2529.png" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">There have been 2182 deaths in Australia from COVID-19. More than half of these deaths were in Victoria. While the total is a relatively small number by international comparison, it is not insignificant.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMndQBy2o6I578Ulazg61FtKqufHudbozD1eC73SGVUwCpoyIc3cD-GW_wt-bu3P4azutq2MH6mWWIP3fKfuFQUoRbUqGf7VWlYKpgNQeClD4L9cM5SFTeHUyypX8Vc2WVVd6KoEPvHKU/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMndQBy2o6I578Ulazg61FtKqufHudbozD1eC73SGVUwCpoyIc3cD-GW_wt-bu3P4azutq2MH6mWWIP3fKfuFQUoRbUqGf7VWlYKpgNQeClD4L9cM5SFTeHUyypX8Vc2WVVd6KoEPvHKU/w640-h320/%2521AS2--%2521weekly-COVID-19+Australia+Deaths.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAzESd4wivGP6EI3lPyAH_x7nbAhFSLILmGXoDBdZaHM0UZTcjkWm6S8fws8hMT7shvcfsGAebxQH4wVdOOOXfCHPU_dq77SmtcDBY8MFnIFqb2X5QAMTtScIP6D9XWCP5TOqGYtSb0cE/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAzESd4wivGP6EI3lPyAH_x7nbAhFSLILmGXoDBdZaHM0UZTcjkWm6S8fws8hMT7shvcfsGAebxQH4wVdOOOXfCHPU_dq77SmtcDBY8MFnIFqb2X5QAMTtScIP6D9XWCP5TOqGYtSb0cE/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Cumulative+COVID19+deaths.png" width="640" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_kHFRLWeuc2JtAkH6DfOYswukQOL_VuFTDkc6pHH5IYjQPegxz1Do52wZ0V_iUEkd0WBDp1bJ4ZE4oEnsvY-m00-UpNST5Jf-rOzy_mxqW4FA2NZx4MDPxVPZAe8MBKjWuPCxB1wrWkI/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_kHFRLWeuc2JtAkH6DfOYswukQOL_VuFTDkc6pHH5IYjQPegxz1Do52wZ0V_iUEkd0WBDp1bJ4ZE4oEnsvY-m00-UpNST5Jf-rOzy_mxqW4FA2NZx4MDPxVPZAe8MBKjWuPCxB1wrWkI/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Cumulative+COVID19+deaths+per+million+population.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhT-kRrlRVfRa75mAj8LhXIFT8TVlNFF2NMub7tqmSec0XodohQa5COZiMvXbNLau9p3I6lTWkDghRsIGOW8TNISjQFF-_J0iPUlUWQ6erxpMj5gAzy_zNAEOc86mnyb3aq4OV0s38Rq2OlKnn0jdYRXYLtwZrOjTzjtjjtNj1pl5KtxJ3mocUXuFtl=s2400" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhT-kRrlRVfRa75mAj8LhXIFT8TVlNFF2NMub7tqmSec0XodohQa5COZiMvXbNLau9p3I6lTWkDghRsIGOW8TNISjQFF-_J0iPUlUWQ6erxpMj5gAzy_zNAEOc86mnyb3aq4OV0s38Rq2OlKnn0jdYRXYLtwZrOjTzjtjjtNj1pl5KtxJ3mocUXuFtl=w640-h320" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;">Where there has been some good news is in the death rates. Last year
during Victoria's second wave we saw 4.3 deaths for every 100 diagnosed
cases. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPdArW7g3qSQIxhyphenhyphenPrlXkwRLOT6aoe7zJRYMmUTuv0JlRQmST0KHblrT4ji5uB-EfG6aFSzfw7EoAIRnq1BVadB6KovWPqINm85DkZevocjZpmzxjzjEaepvQ9o8IQRAIDYthV2oyjuy0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPdArW7g3qSQIxhyphenhyphenPrlXkwRLOT6aoe7zJRYMmUTuv0JlRQmST0KHblrT4ji5uB-EfG6aFSzfw7EoAIRnq1BVadB6KovWPqINm85DkZevocjZpmzxjzjEaepvQ9o8IQRAIDYthV2oyjuy0/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Victoria+Second+Wave+2020+-+7-day+Moving+Ave%253B+deaths+left+shifted.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />Currently,
we are seeing 0.51 deaths per 100 cases in Victoria and 0.38 in NSW, a
tenfold improvement on the Victorian second wave on 2020. This can be attributed
to a number of factors including mass vaccination and better treatment
regimes.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw-uVO3mjLvVBps679bbvYEH3NpfzY1vNACMlc5BTtfZxZJF4Ja2rtzkJvZwp8QE3S8_-QvmLWGCDi89CAC5YydyP3GRE-L76ey_uLNqHInD4-_IsmRAiEkfMXVMrbF_vQ1V8ExhNXuO0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw-uVO3mjLvVBps679bbvYEH3NpfzY1vNACMlc5BTtfZxZJF4Ja2rtzkJvZwp8QE3S8_-QvmLWGCDi89CAC5YydyP3GRE-L76ey_uLNqHInD4-_IsmRAiEkfMXVMrbF_vQ1V8ExhNXuO0/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Rolling+Deaths+per+100+New+Cases.png" width="640" /></a></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">A key policy concern with COVID is the capacity of the hospital system to cope with the peak demand. So far, all hospital systems have managed, albeit with some pressure during the Delta wave in the second half of 2021. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8oT8kIEWIXSOhKH__h5cNNZblL3bsJ8hrNnyLimI_e0TbCgBXybNmtWjUSihYDr9fzxJC-BskdOFbdS-gtLq1cDip7nEDy9l3JpUtEwBExTZh5aDJAH-UwiTPnjb2WXPBNyOk8Om4_rY/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8oT8kIEWIXSOhKH__h5cNNZblL3bsJ8hrNnyLimI_e0TbCgBXybNmtWjUSihYDr9fzxJC-BskdOFbdS-gtLq1cDip7nEDy9l3JpUtEwBExTZh5aDJAH-UwiTPnjb2WXPBNyOk8Om4_rY/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Hospitalised+COVID-19+Numbers.png" width="640" /><br /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1tkmAlFa63I8Y4mJTb_iUw8CkOL9Um0oEA34kRZOp3c3PAvHk6E8U1Y2FqviX3ZKQVsHgMD3fbFsxibG_IzKqKEk_HkUK1-lX50IG2yflgFos41PP50RnubFT5bzbmVny42ryCzZR-vo/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1tkmAlFa63I8Y4mJTb_iUw8CkOL9Um0oEA34kRZOp3c3PAvHk6E8U1Y2FqviX3ZKQVsHgMD3fbFsxibG_IzKqKEk_HkUK1-lX50IG2yflgFos41PP50RnubFT5bzbmVny42ryCzZR-vo/w640-h320/%2521AS2-ICU+COVID-19+Numbers.png" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1tkmAlFa63I8Y4mJTb_iUw8CkOL9Um0oEA34kRZOp3c3PAvHk6E8U1Y2FqviX3ZKQVsHgMD3fbFsxibG_IzKqKEk_HkUK1-lX50IG2yflgFos41PP50RnubFT5bzbmVny42ryCzZR-vo/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiMmA2d27agwyAXjn59i5iFR9zKYAUibDdIp6Ek5mGVPEBfxbbPUV_OzF7yDZHf6B6Z-qKuxd2yirmLrmMl2bJOa6JXwgjjvMexMjqm3FRTDwluoe88vaCSD8LomgyZkCnizXcc6IcqjI/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiMmA2d27agwyAXjn59i5iFR9zKYAUibDdIp6Ek5mGVPEBfxbbPUV_OzF7yDZHf6B6Z-qKuxd2yirmLrmMl2bJOa6JXwgjjvMexMjqm3FRTDwluoe88vaCSD8LomgyZkCnizXcc6IcqjI/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Ventilator+COVID-19+Numbers.png" width="640" /></a></div></div>The present concern for hospital systems is the rapidly increasing case numbers associated
with the Omicron variant. While the international evidence is that Omicron cases are less severe there are a couple of points of concern. The first is that the unvaccinated in Australia are unlikely to have any natural immunity. The second is that while Omicron might result in less severe disease, the volume of cases may still overwhelm the hospital system. The NSW data suggests that we are not seeing the same rate of hospitalisation (but there are a few caveats here). The picture should be much clearer by new year's day.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0sY3GUrjX0XOEO8YhMwA5vBxxEb8CXesgHpbZVbHxM-B10IJuDdclHZHM1Y86c6Je305kDylts94t71Kw0C3Y64VyJqkwiMirdNYE72KEBGxf3BJpJPUDZaW1xQZHCRba2yHhLAPJaWQ/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0sY3GUrjX0XOEO8YhMwA5vBxxEb8CXesgHpbZVbHxM-B10IJuDdclHZHM1Y86c6Je305kDylts94t71Kw0C3Y64VyJqkwiMirdNYE72KEBGxf3BJpJPUDZaW1xQZHCRba2yHhLAPJaWQ/w640-h320/%2521AS2-New+Cases+vs+In+Hospital+-+NSW.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9dqInC5XQ878ihIzseYkkhA9I2V0yTwL5ho_WdzqKYUY4JPnf92MdEQkSKE7gynsve2LxW8MAyW4WxCA9ULsWL_nYQRbj1qJUAQTNrDc6Fj4OviE4dCBffVpQefdoWbn948qn7WEA-_I/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9dqInC5XQ878ihIzseYkkhA9I2V0yTwL5ho_WdzqKYUY4JPnf92MdEQkSKE7gynsve2LxW8MAyW4WxCA9ULsWL_nYQRbj1qJUAQTNrDc6Fj4OviE4dCBffVpQefdoWbn948qn7WEA-_I/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Differenced+-+New+Cases+vs+%2528left-shifted%2529+In+Hospital+-+NSW.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilh84F08gEP6dQrY21tJPdnMhN5G7-VotHwTxsWv7BHBFcdDmZO8FE9m0Le1Cb9tYXCYFI5hLdFjPFYV0Iw03lqDVrWY9O9qo_gSP0g7IpI8u0J3m9-F7xtyoiH-Z0jSmqnXUWLXYtYQ8/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilh84F08gEP6dQrY21tJPdnMhN5G7-VotHwTxsWv7BHBFcdDmZO8FE9m0Le1Cb9tYXCYFI5hLdFjPFYV0Iw03lqDVrWY9O9qo_gSP0g7IpI8u0J3m9-F7xtyoiH-Z0jSmqnXUWLXYtYQ8/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Growth+-+New+Cases+vs+%2528left-shifted%2529+In+Hospital+-+NSW.png" width="640" /></a></div>Another pressure from the emergent Omicron outbreak is on testing systems. We are seeing increased testing and positivity rates (noting that positivity rates may be impacted by the recent availability of rapid antigen tests).</div></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrCQHSjdMiaow_db_xaGQc5i9PzryaRntFQK1S0LQ_JsepZ9LXgRtXxorCpwUk81qhGz4aGGlxomMeHVtCGDsd3FGuYPPq8jG958vApqMT_qcZ4cIQX1_5u40GB_R_eY7UKOr7ULiOTcM/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrCQHSjdMiaow_db_xaGQc5i9PzryaRntFQK1S0LQ_JsepZ9LXgRtXxorCpwUk81qhGz4aGGlxomMeHVtCGDsd3FGuYPPq8jG958vApqMT_qcZ4cIQX1_5u40GB_R_eY7UKOr7ULiOTcM/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Tests+Daily+7-day+Rolling+Ave.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk8oFW-qQ21iRPh3XDTto65egpSjO-R-YgyaTqdu34fQQzQH3MdWa9iKBqLou8_446Z9AmZULqSJKb6A1bvOc_C3VZiiNWlyxTpBsWA1ICFWWVNNCF4lPTLuxhVcTJ9xmTgs2bHFwTDVo/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQrWSxjj4aGovX0_QU5pOyEuuHPJCYSehmmTpVtEpyGTWGEHDP23qouvLPVVEuxSXhTIlE6-Fq50kkuD2pUJXiLXYmXAUjMxYlwfhva_W2beTktXTEgM1HA8fcAvfedMCcYOnjgk2DI48/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQrWSxjj4aGovX0_QU5pOyEuuHPJCYSehmmTpVtEpyGTWGEHDP23qouvLPVVEuxSXhTIlE6-Fq50kkuD2pUJXiLXYmXAUjMxYlwfhva_W2beTktXTEgM1HA8fcAvfedMCcYOnjgk2DI48/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Tests+per+Million+Population+7-day+Rolling+Ave+%2528recent%2529.png" width="640" /></a><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk8oFW-qQ21iRPh3XDTto65egpSjO-R-YgyaTqdu34fQQzQH3MdWa9iKBqLou8_446Z9AmZULqSJKb6A1bvOc_C3VZiiNWlyxTpBsWA1ICFWWVNNCF4lPTLuxhVcTJ9xmTgs2bHFwTDVo/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Test+Positivity+Rate+7-day+Rolling+Ave.png" width="640" /></div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL88PcozbcOmn3FnaPIScFdSq-UX_IUz5j5xrhr46InpJQg0Xbw6JK2EF6Pf8_lM4Cxz1Sj_Xa1m3Ga3zIxT748U4tXHH142CAwozGA2v8pNWmSmfg_RK6kCXH_Uq39UlI5ZcM4nHJmjU/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL88PcozbcOmn3FnaPIScFdSq-UX_IUz5j5xrhr46InpJQg0Xbw6JK2EF6Pf8_lM4Cxz1Sj_Xa1m3Ga3zIxT748U4tXHH142CAwozGA2v8pNWmSmfg_RK6kCXH_Uq39UlI5ZcM4nHJmjU/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Test+Positivity+for+COVID19+-+NSW.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />Finally, let's look at vaccination rates. After a slow start, Australia is among the most vaccinated nations in the world.<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijpHBZzZB8Zk15gD8X8FSR3AOxBSMJeeU0GeuwQoRYZlEL3-uBJG2uQ3KN74Lmira9zk9xpt1WE5az237NXiNJ_vXyJPHDRoL9sIZcB5A0LgQfKZCbnFlDw9gIJ0i0HQSqvK2UYfIFDfI/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijpHBZzZB8Zk15gD8X8FSR3AOxBSMJeeU0GeuwQoRYZlEL3-uBJG2uQ3KN74Lmira9zk9xpt1WE5az237NXiNJ_vXyJPHDRoL9sIZcB5A0LgQfKZCbnFlDw9gIJ0i0HQSqvK2UYfIFDfI/w640-h320/%2521AS2-First+Dose+Vacinated+People.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo-AynFKeTR1lMSQAdbXU8Pia0AlR_73XFf2gXa0uE5YMqx-TtFYz15EME3oo-nUkKKrFf8rGAQJBXIpsB9O1BmO95JETAE8PedixsZydQhI4s9msv_2-cS4EnIpvpg2hNhxijEOBJF_g/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo-AynFKeTR1lMSQAdbXU8Pia0AlR_73XFf2gXa0uE5YMqx-TtFYz15EME3oo-nUkKKrFf8rGAQJBXIpsB9O1BmO95JETAE8PedixsZydQhI4s9msv_2-cS4EnIpvpg2hNhxijEOBJF_g/w640-h320/%2521AS2-Fully+Vacinated+People.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>As usual, the code for these charts is available on <a href="https://github.com/bpalmer4/Covid-19/blob/master/notebooks/Covid-Australia-covidlive.ipynb" target="_blank">my GitHub site</a>. I use <a href="http://covidlive.com.au">covidlive.com.au</a> as the data source for these charts.<br /></p>Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-76556817710509942962020-12-12T15:01:00.010+11:002020-12-12T15:21:31.823+11:00Impact of COVID-19 on the Australian Economy<p>Compared with the rest of the world, Australia has managed the COVID-19 pandemic well. Cumulatively, there have been relatively few cases and deaths per capita, and there is currently little if any local transmission of the virus. </p><p>Nonetheless, the Australian economy has experienced its largest contraction in at least 60 years. In the next chart, we can see the blue line, representing growth in the size of the economy, dips lower than ever since the ABS has been collecting this data. <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVgipC9IK80PfMYHX3yxAnZFryG11Y7gWlu-GRtz5Brx5YJr9qnUYD1Inc3EV2OLHllWIla3ZxbFbD1pNwRvvub-CUSrqjSqgLOjcNp7KW6MJ5ZXeJJk3KOE240qimY9zZXB2SxyhWJWs/s1000/Gross+domestic+product-+Chain+volume+measures-growth-full.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVgipC9IK80PfMYHX3yxAnZFryG11Y7gWlu-GRtz5Brx5YJr9qnUYD1Inc3EV2OLHllWIla3ZxbFbD1pNwRvvub-CUSrqjSqgLOjcNp7KW6MJ5ZXeJJk3KOE240qimY9zZXB2SxyhWJWs/w640-h320/Gross+domestic+product-+Chain+volume+measures-growth-full.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><p>While the economy is no longer in recession, it remains 3.8 per cent smaller than it was a year ago. Normally, it grows by around 2 per cent each year. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4l0mMmXzwENltw2nSDXqpza0TWlnPvc5t95dTAVLOmHwXxuIK2dCSHnVOPDSMsd25zD0nxhKE38uhb4pMV7R_nl8SgWrwIxb6QRM_m0_2uu4LDUVm5kRq9Q3daaVlITHlQXFMv2Znq8Y/s1000/Gross+domestic+product-+Chain+volume+measures-growth-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4l0mMmXzwENltw2nSDXqpza0TWlnPvc5t95dTAVLOmHwXxuIK2dCSHnVOPDSMsd25zD0nxhKE38uhb4pMV7R_nl8SgWrwIxb6QRM_m0_2uu4LDUVm5kRq9Q3daaVlITHlQXFMv2Znq8Y/w640-h320/Gross+domestic+product-+Chain+volume+measures-growth-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>Supporting economic growth has been substantial government spending on payments to individuals. Unemployment benefits have almost tripled from where they were, and total Commonwealth social assistance payments are up by around $15 billion every quarter.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu03qCGQu7R14BpsLIm0Lzv4gydg9QDwf1YGOY4cP87eeuFDrfHK7VLlRpve5ON8gzkK1J7F2SOvAbKR44MSb2ABaghoR6q5JQwxYj_SMKq2fTPdOlZfUM3DSPSqrLLMsLpRJHKDPQ1Yk/s1000/Federal+Govt+-+Total+personal+benefits+payments-govt-spending.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu03qCGQu7R14BpsLIm0Lzv4gydg9QDwf1YGOY4cP87eeuFDrfHK7VLlRpve5ON8gzkK1J7F2SOvAbKR44MSb2ABaghoR6q5JQwxYj_SMKq2fTPdOlZfUM3DSPSqrLLMsLpRJHKDPQ1Yk/w640-h320/Federal+Govt+-+Total+personal+benefits+payments-govt-spending.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoY3CuoTAbGCPBUCeXtbZIbzogSnOC636zVv24_iEJHU1KnUNigc0amSjyXXE1fbfLJc9e_3Vow7mJSwAGlz3Jq72QXjeGiEwuLjh1HpPpNRRnd9TlawT_jDVwI3y35AUFY4gnKIcX-1Q/s1000/Federal+Govt+-+Unemployment+benefits-govt-spending.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoY3CuoTAbGCPBUCeXtbZIbzogSnOC636zVv24_iEJHU1KnUNigc0amSjyXXE1fbfLJc9e_3Vow7mJSwAGlz3Jq72QXjeGiEwuLjh1HpPpNRRnd9TlawT_jDVwI3y35AUFY4gnKIcX-1Q/w640-h320/Federal+Govt+-+Unemployment+benefits-govt-spending.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>Household expenditure, in part supported by government payments, has contributed to the economic improvement in Q3 2020. <span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">But
spending by category is very mixed, and the spending patterns for
Victoria, with its extended lock down, differ from the rest of Australia.
Of interest is the increased spending on food and alcohol, and the
decreased expenditure on hotels, cafes, transport and vehicles. The
impact on health spending is also worth noting. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzV1CsYKPuUD0_9KM3lXhUMFUYbLdYz6tdbZtW7L7Zikqu19v6DhwoMfiv-lLARxfyT6T4l_sM7IoMiW4-TQoCOo0Nl1c8kV0lmBgLaVp3ppFyPVCfLYZepq7Y6-lA9eymQcSPOLESZIs/s1000/Household+spending-+Alcoholic+beverages-COVID.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzV1CsYKPuUD0_9KM3lXhUMFUYbLdYz6tdbZtW7L7Zikqu19v6DhwoMfiv-lLARxfyT6T4l_sM7IoMiW4-TQoCOo0Nl1c8kV0lmBgLaVp3ppFyPVCfLYZepq7Y6-lA9eymQcSPOLESZIs/w640-h320/Household+spending-+Alcoholic+beverages-COVID.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUlHCj0LhwRSf176t9RSkPovX6lEK4hExHufpQfRvJHH_glNnvERncROAvlDI0yQx0uOzsvBCaTAbRL0WXFBZClIiZrgDyhKCUDB-spVkRVubCGkPo9HwALWNfOUAdngn6IERf4YoNKaI/s1000/Household+spending-+Alcoholic+beverages-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUlHCj0LhwRSf176t9RSkPovX6lEK4hExHufpQfRvJHH_glNnvERncROAvlDI0yQx0uOzsvBCaTAbRL0WXFBZClIiZrgDyhKCUDB-spVkRVubCGkPo9HwALWNfOUAdngn6IERf4YoNKaI/w640-h320/Household+spending-+Alcoholic+beverages-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKdBOYLQ5mjm98Etx26HbxhDuS6TOmqX5Nzhawi3ObHu1vswu4SJtqIVT9UnKHyQxW93_kgNZKuM5lb6E9reZU1teeTPGs6lP8m6iIGRUE-5T8LFWkdgalyHAc6ZafH4uZs-u2AEqNUdc/s1000/Household+spending-+Cigarettes+and+tobacco-COVID.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKdBOYLQ5mjm98Etx26HbxhDuS6TOmqX5Nzhawi3ObHu1vswu4SJtqIVT9UnKHyQxW93_kgNZKuM5lb6E9reZU1teeTPGs6lP8m6iIGRUE-5T8LFWkdgalyHAc6ZafH4uZs-u2AEqNUdc/w640-h320/Household+spending-+Cigarettes+and+tobacco-COVID.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-2u3gz699e8W4yQkM-zR3PtYhy-P9wH3_1dSSHHc1p7xxs9JAogJ8iKp4WE3b85BWGHKHOSTvMooMNazXR7vNU2fslwodo31jaK5pHIwkikmo8b52AbdqurysJhyIVdFMFvAlbzk4xM/s1000/Household+spending-+Cigarettes+and+tobacco-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-2u3gz699e8W4yQkM-zR3PtYhy-P9wH3_1dSSHHc1p7xxs9JAogJ8iKp4WE3b85BWGHKHOSTvMooMNazXR7vNU2fslwodo31jaK5pHIwkikmo8b52AbdqurysJhyIVdFMFvAlbzk4xM/w640-h320/Household+spending-+Cigarettes+and+tobacco-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8YGWzKNV__7JWzb6i5D5IWe_jIqO326aJysPMK-i4K5vXil0Cad1VrN0TiSbG_rWEN7ODXRYoNXT2O92BEdWP1ZY9I5x64gcvBgalz0Trrt8YUJFp-340KkebiBmzVGaABZPlY_1bcHs/s1000/Household+spending-+Clothing+and+footwear-COVID.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8YGWzKNV__7JWzb6i5D5IWe_jIqO326aJysPMK-i4K5vXil0Cad1VrN0TiSbG_rWEN7ODXRYoNXT2O92BEdWP1ZY9I5x64gcvBgalz0Trrt8YUJFp-340KkebiBmzVGaABZPlY_1bcHs/w640-h320/Household+spending-+Clothing+and+footwear-COVID.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGURpdoMLXse_4yHyiwskPsYh8UfwFvmitYP2hiiLrlemxtiCbVIK-KttsCeZInAyzESCmaexb0X3bBIEhnv_UY0BCuGexUN7Neh51a_bhP841az_S9X3a42iVs27cczCv1XkGfQYZLsI/s1000/Household+spending-+Clothing+and+footwear-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGURpdoMLXse_4yHyiwskPsYh8UfwFvmitYP2hiiLrlemxtiCbVIK-KttsCeZInAyzESCmaexb0X3bBIEhnv_UY0BCuGexUN7Neh51a_bhP841az_S9X3a42iVs27cczCv1XkGfQYZLsI/w640-h320/Household+spending-+Clothing+and+footwear-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1P7wRdJTZmZnTb0-KZhJqH8wpKYm-OM1cIZp3JNo1rKRhrqGRsFqI8VUXQf5-jvCRXyq0gccuOHdhjMUsF37KG3t8JmKwdNMSN_KFh5EaMjuXTOIf9NPkkQbBIvLdBUNBjAvyhIMzHS8/s1000/Household+spending-+Transport+services-COVID.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1P7wRdJTZmZnTb0-KZhJqH8wpKYm-OM1cIZp3JNo1rKRhrqGRsFqI8VUXQf5-jvCRXyq0gccuOHdhjMUsF37KG3t8JmKwdNMSN_KFh5EaMjuXTOIf9NPkkQbBIvLdBUNBjAvyhIMzHS8/w640-h320/Household+spending-+Transport+services-COVID.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPSvfgZuJLnsQqqWxTVZy-Wbh0xQ92vNIyUf6YDi-zaStvDJuyykzwvzApDjYX1foUesfUXWAdCez1PCagfZ8VlY5luynAF7SeIrIwwbDDzf5uuv3BFq6R_p-sGJx5PVJxL1axc48t8Y/s1000/Household+spending-+Transport+services-full.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPSvfgZuJLnsQqqWxTVZy-Wbh0xQ92vNIyUf6YDi-zaStvDJuyykzwvzApDjYX1foUesfUXWAdCez1PCagfZ8VlY5luynAF7SeIrIwwbDDzf5uuv3BFq6R_p-sGJx5PVJxL1axc48t8Y/w640-h320/Household+spending-+Transport+services-full.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1tkU8E2TQuf5A0wZ0TLEqrjvY18GWTMvED18NTFqkO-y3FqRalmishYfwnIEfU91O_WVJezXIOf3xXeBL_LB_irl060dbhwstEdpkkd4XbSwKJy1r0TS4RJvbYAc3p1G8_eMJH1NoK8s/s1000/Household+spending-+Transport+services-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1tkU8E2TQuf5A0wZ0TLEqrjvY18GWTMvED18NTFqkO-y3FqRalmishYfwnIEfU91O_WVJezXIOf3xXeBL_LB_irl060dbhwstEdpkkd4XbSwKJy1r0TS4RJvbYAc3p1G8_eMJH1NoK8s/w640-h320/Household+spending-+Transport+services-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">We can also see the impact of the COVID-19 recession on industry sectors. We can use the Gross Value Added (GVA) table from the National Accounts to identify the industry sectors that have been most impacted by the pandemic. Construction services are down \$2.5 billion/quarter, as is air transport. Accommodation and food services were down \$4.5 billion in Q2 and \$2 billion in Q3. Property operators and real estate services were down \$2.5 billion in Q2 and \$1.5 billion in Q3. Administrative support services are down \$3.5 billion/quarter. Health care and social assistance had a \$3 billion drop in Q2, but this recovered in Q3. The airline industry has suffered the biggest percentage drop. <br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0s8P7NELr6smi5psbzNLSwid413RWcQALLXqkhxpXBP9Z_GZ-WqAV5Rei4N9IvXM4FXPzRgRAf4JI-dtkF7emylb3sCJ8TTqTKEtFhoOVpcRvkDHWWbcgrv2JW6JQ7B9WR__BiZUPHM/s1000/+GVA-+Wholesale+trade+%2528F%2529+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0s8P7NELr6smi5psbzNLSwid413RWcQALLXqkhxpXBP9Z_GZ-WqAV5Rei4N9IvXM4FXPzRgRAf4JI-dtkF7emylb3sCJ8TTqTKEtFhoOVpcRvkDHWWbcgrv2JW6JQ7B9WR__BiZUPHM/w640-h320/+GVA-+Wholesale+trade+%2528F%2529+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ZmwQjR_ZyiIQu2Pv7kAisXmceMXQnhXe3Zb_-0043UViiL_Vl5QIqowaVGwl43aXbkLdDsDKzzZaXi2Oy0C2dQfnxXzrVF1bWt0_6J-HQFULqswoH_LOF8nkgZH_hzD-GTcHqGIV2co/s1000/+GVA-+Transport%252C+postal+and+warehousing+%2528I%2529+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ZmwQjR_ZyiIQu2Pv7kAisXmceMXQnhXe3Zb_-0043UViiL_Vl5QIqowaVGwl43aXbkLdDsDKzzZaXi2Oy0C2dQfnxXzrVF1bWt0_6J-HQFULqswoH_LOF8nkgZH_hzD-GTcHqGIV2co/w640-h320/+GVA-+Transport%252C+postal+and+warehousing+%2528I%2529+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjpUmXVSBANbHQ6rpAahpcoHat5ObvhIrz2qhLSLrptIeFIniWNQrtq9p-dhOqmU-rE-_X82EMPSiTeg-vcbH6ZJnOBBWuVkMja8dH-Nhp1evGCByet0N4FMqOVm_gzpGL15NMdc6vi9s/s1000/+GVA-+Retail+trade+%2528G%2529+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjpUmXVSBANbHQ6rpAahpcoHat5ObvhIrz2qhLSLrptIeFIniWNQrtq9p-dhOqmU-rE-_X82EMPSiTeg-vcbH6ZJnOBBWuVkMja8dH-Nhp1evGCByet0N4FMqOVm_gzpGL15NMdc6vi9s/w640-h320/+GVA-+Retail+trade+%2528G%2529+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXjlYApv0gamcvpADgLbjc8J826DS8VKOgHkE2Bb2XxbphuwsFxX-yNS2WzEQMJuErQC60GIMxl6TgCkasTLMkKnEDh5uck3LZQ6_YjnaoL-vhR522OeUthSle2POVd7v2UGCbMGAVX8I/w640-h320/+GVA-+Information+media+and+telecommunications+%2528J%2529+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhruaj312E03DxLEluZewlxmVew9QcUmuYs68tExugcUAGEVr22U9ipvGgB5s1LpBY0JtSCn4lecb_SisZfbGRyvT1m1yDt0e1jWN8G1LPh2_FtbpqQVo0TpuYcGBLc7dJXzB4rGRBmeRE/s1000/+GVA-+Health+care+and+social+assistance+%2528Q%2529+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhruaj312E03DxLEluZewlxmVew9QcUmuYs68tExugcUAGEVr22U9ipvGgB5s1LpBY0JtSCn4lecb_SisZfbGRyvT1m1yDt0e1jWN8G1LPh2_FtbpqQVo0TpuYcGBLc7dJXzB4rGRBmeRE/w640-h320/+GVA-+Health+care+and+social+assistance+%2528Q%2529+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDu4FkGmJzspy2purr78XOQLGhBb2dB40nG7oyHgIGt44o004xsIDWuvLmqby4uyqJsb2hrgOW9mgeGaFYwlUm_Mdlqu7UPH0Q_P_AWLUj9zTQOBIK-vZUTUAqj1xFAwG20dEaHFgtN0/w640-h320/+GVA-+Construction+%2528E%2529+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVl4HrNu2HkbFCdVizJ5a-K2oyPFtveXpTD66iSMcAnei2_unhpg2CEtzRo_3bjoanbkZ0mq2GDQSyujIWlLaN9ccS7bdK5d_XE_NdIktQ7tuxfjwGfOPn2Po0XbyKu_XD6aWbksEgJwE/s1000/+GVA-+Arts+and+recreation+services+%2528R%2529+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVl4HrNu2HkbFCdVizJ5a-K2oyPFtveXpTD66iSMcAnei2_unhpg2CEtzRo_3bjoanbkZ0mq2GDQSyujIWlLaN9ccS7bdK5d_XE_NdIktQ7tuxfjwGfOPn2Po0XbyKu_XD6aWbksEgJwE/w640-h320/+GVA-+Arts+and+recreation+services+%2528R%2529+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirDm7WaQLLrxafKkXnB7Erfip_807ZpFErz1esGxlhiyI_BJP_NYbg19fWzJAofgsoCXTTngoy8U74iYrWfDTg-braVHVBKXZVvfPVEEz15UwU9ACHhAn4qAh9_QrZheLqIsNVJI_PkbM/s1000/+GVA-+Administrative+and+support+services+%2528N%2529+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirDm7WaQLLrxafKkXnB7Erfip_807ZpFErz1esGxlhiyI_BJP_NYbg19fWzJAofgsoCXTTngoy8U74iYrWfDTg-braVHVBKXZVvfPVEEz15UwU9ACHhAn4qAh9_QrZheLqIsNVJI_PkbM/w640-h320/+GVA-+Administrative+and+support+services+%2528N%2529+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjJzuxu2quo03TXJVp2rOGI4E8WXuZthGMjovuUB0mKSgGFY7NAqR-W2NE1GlSP0p-eVgTBR_1ByTd3o4rspRcK2tEXsb-tMUx4FyUFiosiQoXSr7T6jAZUykBSdm5mMlnBMvNquvq1wM/s1000/+GVA-+Accommodation+and+food+services+%2528H%2529+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjJzuxu2quo03TXJVp2rOGI4E8WXuZthGMjovuUB0mKSgGFY7NAqR-W2NE1GlSP0p-eVgTBR_1ByTd3o4rspRcK2tEXsb-tMUx4FyUFiosiQoXSr7T6jAZUykBSdm5mMlnBMvNquvq1wM/w640-h320/+GVA-+Accommodation+and+food+services+%2528H%2529+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj3r4-eRV9vLAnPu67dj-8ZEfRmdF04YZxvxX5ShQIEyWLzB2xKWmjfuzk6W0vNT4HnQHeHCAXQeTYK-55yt3-fGxHRrIDpsUX-d-22gpRYtjAAkLE_ZYyoeCg0wh8eJp6fBlFO3U9hKk/s1000/+GVA-+%2528I%2529+%253B++Air+and+space+transport+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj3r4-eRV9vLAnPu67dj-8ZEfRmdF04YZxvxX5ShQIEyWLzB2xKWmjfuzk6W0vNT4HnQHeHCAXQeTYK-55yt3-fGxHRrIDpsUX-d-22gpRYtjAAkLE_ZYyoeCg0wh8eJp6fBlFO3U9hKk/w640-h320/+GVA-+%2528I%2529+%253B++Air+and+space+transport+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_vQm-8xUKG69f3_P5ArE-ywwxBownmLI27UqCBF7eTGzWIFq6KM9KWNmIMJJHE10zAXPWpsiNj4mjzITcoLS0yRXiz_sZYhN_ET5w0TXUKvAE8vpw23WDs6CGjpuDzXIbP9EOemmFTY/s1000/+GVA-+%2528I%2529+%253B++Air+and+space+transport+%253B-full.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_vQm-8xUKG69f3_P5ArE-ywwxBownmLI27UqCBF7eTGzWIFq6KM9KWNmIMJJHE10zAXPWpsiNj4mjzITcoLS0yRXiz_sZYhN_ET5w0TXUKvAE8vpw23WDs6CGjpuDzXIbP9EOemmFTY/w640-h320/+GVA-+%2528I%2529+%253B++Air+and+space+transport+%253B-full.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />We can also see the mixed impact of COVID-19 on the economy in the retail turnover data. Again we can see the impact of the second lock down in Victoria.<br /><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirzBLIljvhfsJr_F0m9NgE4TOJy7H3kpZax8jc-Flo9UMwFjN36YCeS1ZIxPYPjaB4acqwvxMg-BxE3skhZe9VRE1l4XnCLumhuCOwhV7RXCCja_MDWVrbHBebaDP5gqT455uguPydP44/s1000/Retail+Trade+Turnover+by+Industry+%2528Index%2529-.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirzBLIljvhfsJr_F0m9NgE4TOJy7H3kpZax8jc-Flo9UMwFjN36YCeS1ZIxPYPjaB4acqwvxMg-BxE3skhZe9VRE1l4XnCLumhuCOwhV7RXCCja_MDWVrbHBebaDP5gqT455uguPydP44/w640-h320/Retail+Trade+Turnover+by+Industry+%2528Index%2529-.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMlcX3dsxStxddiIOtSKnuWMwGpJSDYd0hrEAfQnBNFmAPgk4HtWe9tt_wFlxjkwV_7EM1rLD5mypF_Y69yUQl7VojyumS8cGB5zHPXwNHZluqkv8at9cXb0BfLhxAZwU-Lc6CmPwCEPg/s1000/Retail+Trade+Turnover+Index-Vic-compared.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMlcX3dsxStxddiIOtSKnuWMwGpJSDYd0hrEAfQnBNFmAPgk4HtWe9tt_wFlxjkwV_7EM1rLD5mypF_Y69yUQl7VojyumS8cGB5zHPXwNHZluqkv8at9cXb0BfLhxAZwU-Lc6CmPwCEPg/w640-h320/Retail+Trade+Turnover+Index-Vic-compared.png" width="640" /></a></div><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"> </span><p></p><p><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">Turning
to the labour market, the unemployment rate has risen from 5 to 7 per
cent as a result of the pandemic. With the unemployment rate for men and
women rising similarly. </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfcFpyAr8w-vC_zfR-aUhr3bxlFJo25Ls4Xg-oSo1zvK11XL6k5PGu1vo6pu9ZCZNKzg-lfyiCXhvr6KyPmVCghJwZ6pgiXvUIfOQiRSk6JkTfE13ZBeUY5riha9SyTB1VVbqHB9ylRxo/s1000/Australia-+Unemployment+rate+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfcFpyAr8w-vC_zfR-aUhr3bxlFJo25Ls4Xg-oSo1zvK11XL6k5PGu1vo6pu9ZCZNKzg-lfyiCXhvr6KyPmVCghJwZ6pgiXvUIfOQiRSk6JkTfE13ZBeUY5riha9SyTB1VVbqHB9ylRxo/w640-h320/Australia-+Unemployment+rate+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE-SjAJcfLW5E1CV3KIrLv7b83fk3E3W-VVC3zwGmvzQtwLl8PnyHVEOwd49K44x9qiXm2TlPYVG6XI7nlHmlzw7wzrFaJHwPLyHoQ8-FwF5_0Z9IXU-23FCcFIyd6pdnyKoC-gSCLCjU/s1000/Australia-+Unemployment+rate+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE-SjAJcfLW5E1CV3KIrLv7b83fk3E3W-VVC3zwGmvzQtwLl8PnyHVEOwd49K44x9qiXm2TlPYVG6XI7nlHmlzw7wzrFaJHwPLyHoQ8-FwF5_0Z9IXU-23FCcFIyd6pdnyKoC-gSCLCjU/w640-h320/Australia-+Unemployment+rate+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">The
participation rate was hugely impacted by the pandemic, but much of
that impact has now reversed. In April and May, proportionately more
women left the labour market than men. </span><br /><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHyWTRSRhhQ268uhESMBNntrYRyc3Q6DNqN47jp2rhLFaiqQylMCAlAJIoWDzcLnsDMtm9hGVIuDh1t2n7w4MFeezGg1Lzol4S5KqCgtUJVrqq9kaBA9E6H_MNA7R5mx6-FSofNVqGR1Y/s1000/Australia-+Participation+rate+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHyWTRSRhhQ268uhESMBNntrYRyc3Q6DNqN47jp2rhLFaiqQylMCAlAJIoWDzcLnsDMtm9hGVIuDh1t2n7w4MFeezGg1Lzol4S5KqCgtUJVrqq9kaBA9E6H_MNA7R5mx6-FSofNVqGR1Y/w640-h320/Australia-+Participation+rate+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVMadM86kciYF6_QyUji1K-MwORa3SgyZKX1PTfgbSDKNGzpf4YJBva7F3_bMIP4dZWkqPyblnX1nJmERqvV1tXJzls8L45T_KidnNdgt8KTJhEKwb0JVbSjsCIg4SPLbhtmCBcAsIxjg/s1000/Australia-+Participation+rate+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVMadM86kciYF6_QyUji1K-MwORa3SgyZKX1PTfgbSDKNGzpf4YJBva7F3_bMIP4dZWkqPyblnX1nJmERqvV1tXJzls8L45T_KidnNdgt8KTJhEKwb0JVbSjsCIg4SPLbhtmCBcAsIxjg/w640-h320/Australia-+Participation+rate+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-2LEigrzuVOMcxy07uPajP04QKUmR76G_SgtXZM6rNVH5cg5mIQnByDiYyCiSGYAn39fzr7k7OSSdYDq7UgWxF8HAzuA_owqLOLmuhv_0Wj00QmheBcyHXYV83qkxTsRLaiLNwk8fWZs/s1000/Australia-+Labour+force+total+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-2LEigrzuVOMcxy07uPajP04QKUmR76G_SgtXZM6rNVH5cg5mIQnByDiYyCiSGYAn39fzr7k7OSSdYDq7UgWxF8HAzuA_owqLOLmuhv_0Wj00QmheBcyHXYV83qkxTsRLaiLNwk8fWZs/w640-h320/Australia-+Labour+force+total+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguOkzegoF2di0h596Vj0IP8WOJrorGOhVdeZRfJU0dOYibH0EA1RQbgLDRmCtxKdhZgQB5Ba9_Kj6rbHB7kDVEIooEcO3eL1PHXbS5IN6J_ZG2ZbzpwXn2elfZy0q9D0DiNI-S1uKPbA4/s1000/Australia-+Growth+in+Labour+force+total+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguOkzegoF2di0h596Vj0IP8WOJrorGOhVdeZRfJU0dOYibH0EA1RQbgLDRmCtxKdhZgQB5Ba9_Kj6rbHB7kDVEIooEcO3eL1PHXbS5IN6J_ZG2ZbzpwXn2elfZy0q9D0DiNI-S1uKPbA4/w640-h320/Australia-+Growth+in+Labour+force+total+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">While
part-time employment numbers appear to have recovered, the number
employed full-time remains below the pre-pandemic levels. </span><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">The number in
the labour force has largely recovered.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYOiclGSjqbRMgynctpmu2A1m4rpW0CCsJbYUbSO4SH9PDBwzWKZ2Yfu3Dl9GpUlqxqaiCGyUEkABVM7ii_HVYWQ3hb8s1mro96l_H0INbIwAj6pXKr3qseV9kLi7phma9tHB9GGEFWi4/s1000/Australia-+%253E+Employed+full-time+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYOiclGSjqbRMgynctpmu2A1m4rpW0CCsJbYUbSO4SH9PDBwzWKZ2Yfu3Dl9GpUlqxqaiCGyUEkABVM7ii_HVYWQ3hb8s1mro96l_H0INbIwAj6pXKr3qseV9kLi7phma9tHB9GGEFWi4/w640-h320/Australia-+%253E+Employed+full-time+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp-Hft-gEP8COmTw4KvcecCoSRipYHbXska_TXKzmfLulh0b2TYA8NK9BdgE9g5H6UC9ezUMrH3Hk3ICNjaDyFIvyCmgWZugQg1AZKQn_g1BGBOlrA2MJEqDChmZS-yTeSzd_YJ9ex3FE/s1000/Australia-+%253E+Employed+full-time+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp-Hft-gEP8COmTw4KvcecCoSRipYHbXska_TXKzmfLulh0b2TYA8NK9BdgE9g5H6UC9ezUMrH3Hk3ICNjaDyFIvyCmgWZugQg1AZKQn_g1BGBOlrA2MJEqDChmZS-yTeSzd_YJ9ex3FE/w640-h320/Australia-+%253E+Employed+full-time+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzPV-_YTtK5MpUyCWi__Odsl25WfwNjB5gqVdXhn8tyxBodk4xPfG3C-7UBCcsxyTuCeVeZpCQfazdM2BIQPcapcVpcOuK7KopZPMQ10_2EDkkSmA8IX4PvkY78WKaD-3ENGGv2nJaJlk/s1000/Australia-+%253E+Employed+part-time+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzPV-_YTtK5MpUyCWi__Odsl25WfwNjB5gqVdXhn8tyxBodk4xPfG3C-7UBCcsxyTuCeVeZpCQfazdM2BIQPcapcVpcOuK7KopZPMQ10_2EDkkSmA8IX4PvkY78WKaD-3ENGGv2nJaJlk/w640-h320/Australia-+%253E+Employed+part-time+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ9kCT1azfViOScfbC3dwOsbYQp-MsXtVIvgIyhWRfT5-KiphiDY-UdhltTYs9sudZhcM6h7zqjq41Ec7mHp1BuvGE6E33Zh-WOG5z9qotJNERt4jB6dEbOsK8rv_FqA61IUg0UkyBIfQ/s1000/Australia-+%253E+Employed+part-time+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ9kCT1azfViOScfbC3dwOsbYQp-MsXtVIvgIyhWRfT5-KiphiDY-UdhltTYs9sudZhcM6h7zqjq41Ec7mHp1BuvGE6E33Zh-WOG5z9qotJNERt4jB6dEbOsK8rv_FqA61IUg0UkyBIfQ/w640-h320/Australia-+%253E+Employed+part-time+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_fdt88teME5bui7vYNnxwc6NBVTNwszz-xDOYmAUpNgyogbb-fNq9IV-LFcxhrNBRELeAeT9smzxCcGx4_KZCShcVsPbFJYTzMASWFFkwemwnfpFgCDyWgfqb3lcz1jT3JdujksBctw4/s1000/Australia-+Employed+total+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_fdt88teME5bui7vYNnxwc6NBVTNwszz-xDOYmAUpNgyogbb-fNq9IV-LFcxhrNBRELeAeT9smzxCcGx4_KZCShcVsPbFJYTzMASWFFkwemwnfpFgCDyWgfqb3lcz1jT3JdujksBctw4/w640-h320/Australia-+Employed+total+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDmDkJvHyRuS-NBKp6fDf9GeCqaVRaICiX8kAGiwt9MHKecnDca_PSVP45_ItgeUIOnE014ZDswX8pPiKEDy8kqDV2XVzlsUAhdjP26WaVJFKDwloj4ByhN2QTWhTGDRr0CTZQjwkcBmU/s1000/Australia-+Employed+total+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDmDkJvHyRuS-NBKp6fDf9GeCqaVRaICiX8kAGiwt9MHKecnDca_PSVP45_ItgeUIOnE014ZDswX8pPiKEDy8kqDV2XVzlsUAhdjP26WaVJFKDwloj4ByhN2QTWhTGDRr0CTZQjwkcBmU/w640-h320/Australia-+Employed+total+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDJKZsR2BKXwzJxlqy6N6v097jUPtKw018rqQ-22TFle1Q71-569MUB4IsgMRUzwsM__OjmnvtXuRvJpr8F6fSmutlrDStvwdwYvzY9dkmYiAPSsPzIpv81ithNOt6xGl7-99JsDOoOsk/s1000/Australia-+Growth+in+Employed+full-time+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDJKZsR2BKXwzJxlqy6N6v097jUPtKw018rqQ-22TFle1Q71-569MUB4IsgMRUzwsM__OjmnvtXuRvJpr8F6fSmutlrDStvwdwYvzY9dkmYiAPSsPzIpv81ithNOt6xGl7-99JsDOoOsk/w640-h320/Australia-+Growth+in+Employed+full-time+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kKQCGGB8bzkiaaAVGmFTi0uNqC7wM_qUE3igQnmIkgF37imqZJIYhkMSmSQKOAyyBINHuT20DVFC0IVZOqbFnQtq8nDxsLjxv7qtDNpONejnOuGplic-D8KbJlHo6swI4sS9qGkUd2E/s1000/Australia-+Growth+in+Employed+part-time+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kKQCGGB8bzkiaaAVGmFTi0uNqC7wM_qUE3igQnmIkgF37imqZJIYhkMSmSQKOAyyBINHuT20DVFC0IVZOqbFnQtq8nDxsLjxv7qtDNpONejnOuGplic-D8KbJlHo6swI4sS9qGkUd2E/w640-h320/Australia-+Growth+in+Employed+part-time+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzyZoi2S4Zs5hVK8h5ceL-B6-SlzhnfSH42gwduf67tBXcd6YoCMG4GuHPzKXo7MlSjNUZJU21a7SYJEAqbra1H9O3vSaHTYuCloWPdv2YoD0Qdq3dSoRaU_UZtDAWvttoCkYk6NuMiYQ/s1000/Australia-+Growth+in+Employed+total+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzyZoi2S4Zs5hVK8h5ceL-B6-SlzhnfSH42gwduf67tBXcd6YoCMG4GuHPzKXo7MlSjNUZJU21a7SYJEAqbra1H9O3vSaHTYuCloWPdv2YoD0Qdq3dSoRaU_UZtDAWvttoCkYk6NuMiYQ/w640-h320/Australia-+Growth+in+Employed+total+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHSbTeDhno-A6H6w2xk8BA6gUkpYycuou14aONWKT8qr6Eu94TsqaczDRw5JrRUg5kq0Rl74YiCKuX8QsRe_A6HcEgCk3_7NLXfbgluDgE7sAFqNgOxKDseTLo_YC6C6j2S9kkgXJ4hEk/s1000/Australia-+Growth+in+Unemployed+total+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHSbTeDhno-A6H6w2xk8BA6gUkpYycuou14aONWKT8qr6Eu94TsqaczDRw5JrRUg5kq0Rl74YiCKuX8QsRe_A6HcEgCk3_7NLXfbgluDgE7sAFqNgOxKDseTLo_YC6C6j2S9kkgXJ4hEk/w640-h320/Australia-+Growth+in+Unemployed+total+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">In
aggregate, men and women are working fewer hours than before the
pandemic. In April and May, women experienced a proportionately larger
reduction in hours worked compared with men, but this is no longer the
case. </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgQZnHASqm-s3g6v5Ex_2WHqI_D2yhJHhBPD5L9b_S3gWlYh6kKDC3ZB-NsXFVVb_L-ZWgrQAgfLNCJI7iBFDSfi4QPb7AT3CIxRpTlAA8h_6HUpaITmIR5itawAyaQ2ZIbSsNMuH1lwU/s1000/Australia-+Growth+in+Monthly+hours+worked+in+all+jobs+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgQZnHASqm-s3g6v5Ex_2WHqI_D2yhJHhBPD5L9b_S3gWlYh6kKDC3ZB-NsXFVVb_L-ZWgrQAgfLNCJI7iBFDSfi4QPb7AT3CIxRpTlAA8h_6HUpaITmIR5itawAyaQ2ZIbSsNMuH1lwU/w640-h320/Australia-+Growth+in+Monthly+hours+worked+in+all+jobs+-+Persons-growth-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBiVixj2PqkpdoShzPRjtIi6pYAIXPas3j4g6HSoRdhdOiR99Di8r__e2qw2m2fwBWWA_8nbb5xnN8ReHY3mXFPkYyMutc47fyGdqoHNSoalh0-mxBr-WyDEVxRxRWnGMAgbjli-9R6Vs/s1000/Australia-+Monthly+hours+worked+in+all+jobs+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBiVixj2PqkpdoShzPRjtIi6pYAIXPas3j4g6HSoRdhdOiR99Di8r__e2qw2m2fwBWWA_8nbb5xnN8ReHY3mXFPkYyMutc47fyGdqoHNSoalh0-mxBr-WyDEVxRxRWnGMAgbjli-9R6Vs/w640-h320/Australia-+Monthly+hours+worked+in+all+jobs+%253B++%253E+by+gender+%253B-recent-index.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO0Xwvn7CXSN-JpkK3VwatrWZSGQ_JdRwo__xfobo_DCUJKv83yC_7rYBoHhOA-UTSPDjXEN2edkOZGV0PLHxRvdcn-MX3HUv77QMJZspPHXdAaFJ6PzUbu5t1EtPc-nsCf8afswIaja8/s1000/Australia-+Monthly+hours+worked+in+all+jobs+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO0Xwvn7CXSN-JpkK3VwatrWZSGQ_JdRwo__xfobo_DCUJKv83yC_7rYBoHhOA-UTSPDjXEN2edkOZGV0PLHxRvdcn-MX3HUv77QMJZspPHXdAaFJ6PzUbu5t1EtPc-nsCf8afswIaja8/w640-h320/Australia-+Monthly+hours+worked+in+all+jobs+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">In terms of ages, it looks like younger workers have been most impacted by COVID-19.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcLWZrPqiiaMwmTRxiw-GbbylgQwc6up773A1BpukOlLLXuapmT1JFxy7agcFyfCt_yUk36dt7sSc6is5QVMp_643AGY_JyHdiefDNzUbOeMshu2MzbQQyo7U8LNFpiuP4gFZF6fK741M/s1000/Australia-+%253E+By+Age+%253B++Participation+rate+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcLWZrPqiiaMwmTRxiw-GbbylgQwc6up773A1BpukOlLLXuapmT1JFxy7agcFyfCt_yUk36dt7sSc6is5QVMp_643AGY_JyHdiefDNzUbOeMshu2MzbQQyo7U8LNFpiuP4gFZF6fK741M/w640-h320/Australia-+%253E+By+Age+%253B++Participation+rate+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbKuoAnkk1a9R2WjTPiEwWO4MWNa5OwCjXXyMyouabc6JRO7Q6a4-L1eTy2MGFYE1_8RF-V3_jv16szjcN20ILCmIV2BuOKH2P7NnOdiklcNAxjIOM_HN6lXJ6s4hsq0ZMFtk-S5wmr1k/s1000/Australia-+%253E+By+Age+%253B++Unemployment+rate+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbKuoAnkk1a9R2WjTPiEwWO4MWNa5OwCjXXyMyouabc6JRO7Q6a4-L1eTy2MGFYE1_8RF-V3_jv16szjcN20ILCmIV2BuOKH2P7NnOdiklcNAxjIOM_HN6lXJ6s4hsq0ZMFtk-S5wmr1k/w640-h320/Australia-+%253E+By+Age+%253B++Unemployment+rate+%253B++Persons+%253B-recent.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">The extended lockdown has had a bigger impact on the Victorian labour market.</span></span></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjHsE3jhz9tAJSO2roGNMGMG4Hdr7DIt2pwe2DMNvGDRK0q7y6QMjASDJESjQZqJSmjDHCp7IDrk3HWhtus9h0T6m3Xc1K0fWe34TBLPZ75cXfF-Wn_QNULPITl0eAmQT0HRu4jWQpOyw/s1000/Vic+v+Aus-+%253E+Employed+full-time+%253B++Persons+%253B++Index-COVID-Index.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjHsE3jhz9tAJSO2roGNMGMG4Hdr7DIt2pwe2DMNvGDRK0q7y6QMjASDJESjQZqJSmjDHCp7IDrk3HWhtus9h0T6m3Xc1K0fWe34TBLPZ75cXfF-Wn_QNULPITl0eAmQT0HRu4jWQpOyw/w640-h320/Vic+v+Aus-+%253E+Employed+full-time+%253B++Persons+%253B++Index-COVID-Index.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwHrZSKzagOsUz0w39tnzncVproD6-l18JSb5bs_Q3lAInKC9_5MxzSsAICmcH1hhWqveTM4AX9xJhRGvmefwsW1S4RDFfAVDJehTGmhj05tjBsalDGz0MJp4cXzr8L-DYeAZQYcXarTc/s1000/Vic+v+Aus-+Employed+total+%253B++Persons+%253B++Index-COVID-Index.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwHrZSKzagOsUz0w39tnzncVproD6-l18JSb5bs_Q3lAInKC9_5MxzSsAICmcH1hhWqveTM4AX9xJhRGvmefwsW1S4RDFfAVDJehTGmhj05tjBsalDGz0MJp4cXzr8L-DYeAZQYcXarTc/w640-h320/Vic+v+Aus-+Employed+total+%253B++Persons+%253B++Index-COVID-Index.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghiE_4559vB3f9eOpO83NezO1CyVP6wMpTbkcxRGHie6SKzrFwEYaOo_mfA_Mnqu6GgfICbrcfzkxPECXRlv_pBxR7WF2VD_i0Rl-A9vTXEA_KzgV6wxszHFFRyJnELPXAneNh88x9NVI/s1000/Vic+v+Aus-+Labour+force+total+%253B++Persons+%253B++Index-COVID-Index.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghiE_4559vB3f9eOpO83NezO1CyVP6wMpTbkcxRGHie6SKzrFwEYaOo_mfA_Mnqu6GgfICbrcfzkxPECXRlv_pBxR7WF2VD_i0Rl-A9vTXEA_KzgV6wxszHFFRyJnELPXAneNh88x9NVI/w640-h320/Vic+v+Aus-+Labour+force+total+%253B++Persons+%253B++Index-COVID-Index.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW6eU0NEMiJ-TmsLjx_rRg7D56Ef478iu27iJ8VXJHk2hmdrCdVBh5LvsVCzkHjcJVuFcMKpGEebNN42gw2jha964s_31NfrHhz9k120lU4V5GSa7qa2RD8bStj20eGWurNCyqOLcci-w/s1000/Vic+v+Aus-+Unemployed+total+%253B++Persons+%253B++Index-COVID-Index.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW6eU0NEMiJ-TmsLjx_rRg7D56Ef478iu27iJ8VXJHk2hmdrCdVBh5LvsVCzkHjcJVuFcMKpGEebNN42gw2jha964s_31NfrHhz9k120lU4V5GSa7qa2RD8bStj20eGWurNCyqOLcci-w/w640-h320/Vic+v+Aus-+Unemployed+total+%253B++Persons+%253B++Index-COVID-Index.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa fgxwclzu a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></span></div></span></span><p></p>Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-87365390879628140992020-06-07T12:39:00.001+10:002020-06-07T18:12:39.566+10:00Checking in on how nations are coping with COVID-19<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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It has been some five months since the COVID-19 pandemic dawned on people's consciousness and three months since many nations went into some form of compulsory social distancing to help manage the pandemic. In this context, I thought it time to reflect on how nations have performed.<br />
<br />
This required me to establish a benchmark for measuring success. For this I have selected four factors:<br />
<ul>
<li>how bad did the pandemic get at its peak in the nation (indicated by daily new deaths and daily new cases)</li>
<li>how bad is the pandemic currently (indicated as aboved)</li>
<li>how well have nations done in reducing the pandemic from its peak (as a proportion of that peak in daily new deaths and daily new cases)</li>
<li>what is the case fatality rate for the nation (total deaths over total cases). </li>
</ul>
<br />
The population and COVID data I used for this analysis comes from the <a href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19-pandemic">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a>.<br />
<br />
For simplicity, I will limit my analysis to nations with a population of at least 1 million people.<br />
<br />
To enable comparability between large and small nations, I am going to focus on cases and deaths per million population.<br />
<br />
As I am working with noisy administrative data, I will do the analysis based on a 14-day rolling average. This irons out the tendency in many nations to under-report on weekends. It also helps reduce the impact of data spikes when nations fess up to additional deaths or cases not previously recorded.<br />
<br />
Because the distributions of these data can have nation-states bunched around certain data points, with long tails and outliers, I have decided the group the data into quintiles (5 equal groups), and create an index score from averaging the quintile result across the seven categories:<br />
<ul>
<li>average daily new cases per capita at each nation's peak peak</li>
<li>the most recent result for average daily new cases per capita</li>
<li>the percentage decline from the peak average daily new cases per capita and now</li>
<li>average daily new deaths per capita at the peak</li>
<li>the most recent result for average daily new deaths per capita</li>
<li>the percentage decline from the peak in average daily new deaths per capita and now</li>
<li>the case fatality ratio</li>
</ul>
<br />
Before we get to the per-capita charts, let's quickly identify our top ten:<br />
<ul>
<li>Top 10 current cases per million population: Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Kuwait, Peru, Armenia, Oman, Brazil, Belarus, and Panama</li>
<li>Top 10 national peak cases per million population: Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Kuwait, Peru, Spain, Ireland, Singapore, Armenia, and Oman</li>
<li>Top 10 current deaths per million population: Sweden, Brazil, Peru, United Kingdom, Mexico, Chile, United States, Canada, Panama, Armenia</li>
<li>Top 10 national peak deaths per million population: Belgium, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Ireland, Sweden, Netherlands, United States, Ecuador</li>
</ul>
<br />
The following charts show the per-million-population daily cases and deaths data for selected nations. I should note that as the cases data for Qatar is such an outlier, I have adjusted the y-scale in the other case charts where Qatar in not highlighted.<br />
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Which brings us to the score for each nation, reflected in the choropleth map at the top of this post:<br />
<pre style="background-color: lightyellow; border: 1px dashed rgb(153, 153, 153); line-height: 14px; overflow: auto; padding: 5px; width: 653px;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "andale mono" , "lucida console" , "monaco" , "fixed" , monospace;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Sweden 4.857143
Mexico 4.857143
Panama 4.714286
Brazil 4.714286
Moldova 4.714286
Peru 4.714286
Armenia 4.571429
North Macedonia 4.571429
Guatemala 4.428571
South Africa 4.428571
Canada 4.428571
Bolivia 4.428571
United States 4.428571
Chile 4.428571
United Kingdom 4.428571
Colombia 4.428571
Iran 4.285714
Oman 4.285714
Mauritania 4.285714
Ecuador 4.285714
Honduras 4.142857
Kuwait 4.142857
Saudi Arabia 4.142857
Russia 4.142857
Qatar 4.142857
Portugal 4.142857
Bahrain 4.142857
Argentina 4.000000
Romania 4.000000
Egypt 4.000000
Belgium 4.000000
Netherlands 4.000000
Dominican Republic 3.857143
Pakistan 3.857143
Azerbaijan 3.857143
Iraq 3.857143
Ireland 3.857143
Italy 3.857143
Belarus 3.857143
Puerto Rico 3.857143
France 3.857143
Gabon 3.714286
Nicaragua 3.714286
Poland 3.714286
Afghanistan 3.714286
United Arab Emirates 3.714286
Spain 3.571429
Bulgaria 3.571429
Ukraine 3.571429
Cameroon 3.571429
Denmark 3.571429
Yemen 3.571429
El Salvador 3.571429
Turkey 3.571429
Bangladesh 3.571429
Sudan 3.428571
Bosnia And Herzegovina 3.428571
Guinea Bissau 3.428571
Haiti 3.428571
Kyrgyzstan 3.428571
Estonia 3.428571
Finland 3.428571
Austria 3.428571
Germany 3.428571
Mali 3.285714
Central African Republic 3.285714
Kazakhstan 3.285714
Philippines 3.285714
Indonesia 3.285714
India 3.285714
Hungary 3.285714
Algeria 3.285714
Equatorial Guinea 3.285714
South Sudan 3.285714
Lithuania 3.285714
Israel 3.142857
Somalia 3.142857
Kenya 3.142857
Switzerland 3.142857
Czechia 3.142857
Senegal 3.000000
Albania 3.000000
Slovenia 3.000000
Liberia 3.000000
Sierra Leone 3.000000
Serbia 3.000000
Cote D'Ivoire 2.857143
Chad 2.857143
Singapore 2.857143
Eswatini 2.857143
Tajikistan 2.857143
Norway 2.714286
Nigeria 2.714286
Venezuela 2.714286
Croatia 2.714286
Libya 2.714286
Uruguay 2.714286
Kosovo 2.714286
Congo 2.714286
Latvia 2.714286
Nepal 2.714286
Guinea 2.571429
Democratic Republic Of Congo 2.571429
Greece 2.571429
Ethiopia 2.571429
Syria 2.428571
Lebanon 2.428571
Ghana 2.428571
Japan 2.428571
Malawi 2.285714
Sri Lanka 2.285714
South Korea 2.285714
Cuba 2.285714
Morocco 2.285714
Togo 2.285714
Madagascar 2.285714
Jamaica 2.142857
Georgia 2.142857
Mozambique 2.142857
Uzbekistan 2.142857
Rwanda 2.142857
Cyprus 2.142857
Malaysia 2.000000
Palestine 2.000000
Tunisia 2.000000
Trinidad And Tobago 2.000000
Costa Rica 2.000000
Angola 2.000000
New Zealand 2.000000
Niger 2.000000
Paraguay 2.000000
China 1.857143
Burkina Faso 1.857143
Zimbabwe 1.857143
Mauritius 1.857143
Slovakia 1.714286
Benin 1.571429
Botswana 1.571429
Mongolia 1.571429
Burundi 1.571429
Uganda 1.571429
Australia 1.571429
Lesotho 1.571429
Myanmar 1.428571
Zambia 1.428571
Gambia 1.428571
Thailand 1.428571
United Republic Of Tanzania 1.428571
Jordan 1.428571
Namibia 1.285714
Taiwan 1.142857
Vietnam 1.000000
Cambodia 1.000000
Laos 1.000000
Timor Leste 1.000000
Papua New Guinea 1.000000</span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "andale mono" , "lucida console" , "monaco" , "fixed" , monospace; font-size: 12px;">
</span></pre>
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Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-44390802875991552642020-04-10T21:32:00.000+10:002020-04-11T14:51:30.642+10:00The COVID19 Exit StrategySome argue you should not go to war without an exit strategy. Today, I have been thinking about Australia's exit strategy from the public-health measures it has adopted to tackle the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus and COVID19. [Note: SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the new disease known as COVID19.] Or to borrow another metaphor: I have been thinking about the signal that should wake us from the hibernation into which we have placed the economy?<br />
<br />
The easy answer is that we should take the exit ramp when the virus no longer presents a clear and present threat to the Australian public. To my mind this yields three logical exit points:<br />
<ul>
<li>a therapy or pharmaceutical measure is been found that substantially reduces the fatality risk associated with having COVID19,</li>
<li>a vaccine is found that can be applied to sufficient Australians to confer herd immunity, or</li>
<li>sufficient Australians have caught and recovered from COVID19, and that experience confers sufficient immunity for herd immunity to be achieved. </li>
</ul>
Let's consider each of these in some detail.<br />
<br />
<ul>
</ul>
<h3>
Herd immunity</h3>
Let's deal with the last one first. I view this as the failure scenario. Ultimately, if we fail to control the spread of the virus we will achieve herd immunity. At that point, there is no need for public health measures.<br />
<br />
While estimates vary, the broadly accepted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number">basic reproduction number</a> for SARS-CoV-2 is around 2.5. That means on average, someone with SARS-CoV-2 will pass it on to 2.5 other people. For a virus to propagate, it must have a basic reproduction number greater than 1. If a disease has a basic reproduction number less than one it will burn out.<br />
<br />
The basic reproduction number is also affected by the proportion of the population that is susceptible to infection. We can divide the population into three cohorts, those who are susceptible to infection (S), those who are infected (I), and those who are resistant to (re)infection (R). <a href="https://markthegraph.blogspot.com/2020/04/a-back-of-envelope-model-for-flattening.html">We talked about this SIR model yesterday</a>. A key insight from the SIR model is that as more people fall into R-category (resistant to (re)infection), this effectively limits the capacity for the virus reproduce. Herd immunity occurs when enough people are resistant to (re)infection that transmission to the susceptible population is less than 1 on average. By a neat quirk of mathematics, this occurs when the proportion of the population that is susceptible to infection is less than the reciprocal of the basic reproduction number.<br />
<br />
$$For\ Herd\ Immunity:\ Susceptible < \frac{1}{R_0} = \frac{1}{2.5} = 40\%$$<br />
<br />
In plain English: if more than 60 per cent of the Australian population has had COVID19, and if having had the disease confers immunity, the disease is likely to die out. But there is a cost. If we assume a case fatality rate of 0.9 per cent then this outcome would have seen almost 138,000 Australians die.<br />
<br />
And this is not as easy as it seems, Left to run wild, my model suggests that the virus would far overshoot that herd immunity level before it burns out. Indeed the virus would have such a momentum, it would not burn out until around 90 per cent of the population had caught the virus. But note: no-one is suggesting we should let the virus run its natural course.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFXXajmq5YCE9IBFemIp8s4CmWQDRKpcDJg8Uk7inF3Qmq9He9Ae17UIjNhuIdah5oBN3rbcFevxeW78nB0IBTtcHA-9rDH8VVAuDe14ZVMUfrCpJyRO-9ONizjQ27lTgW7x7dyKgp_aE/s1600/%2521SIR-2.5-states.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFXXajmq5YCE9IBFemIp8s4CmWQDRKpcDJg8Uk7inF3Qmq9He9Ae17UIjNhuIdah5oBN3rbcFevxeW78nB0IBTtcHA-9rDH8VVAuDe14ZVMUfrCpJyRO-9ONizjQ27lTgW7x7dyKgp_aE/s640/%2521SIR-2.5-states.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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We will come back to the challenge of getting to herd immunity without overshooting.<br />
<br />
In my view, we are most likely to end up here - with the virus spreading in the community - if we declare victory too early. If we decide that only a handful of people have the virus, so there is no need to continue with social distancing, then we could see things get away from us.<br />
<br />
Another pathway here is if the collective cabin-fever of social distancing overwhelms us and people give up on the practice. Let's see how people feel about social distancing in three or six months. <br />
<br />
<h3>
Vaccination</h3>
The theoretically easy way to achieve herd immunity is vaccination. There are a lot of people around the world working hard on this. While many people are optimistic about the development of a safe and effective vaccine, it is not guaranteed. Two previous coronaviruses - SARS and MERS - do not have a vaccine, notwithstanding many attempts. But to be fair, these viruses came and went quite quickly.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Therapeutic interventions</h3>
The third exit pathway identified above is a yet to be developed therapeutic intervention. It could be a treatment based on the blood serum of a previously infected person. Or it might be the discovery that a legacy medicine is also effective in treating COVID19. Or it might be something new. Again, while many people are optimistic about the development of a safe and effective therapeutic intervention, it is not guaranteed. This brings us to a fourth exit point the government needs to consider.<br />
<br />
<h3>
V1/T1</h3>
When pilots prepare to fly, they identify several speed thresholds. For example, V1 is the speed beyond which a takeoff can no longer be aborted. While it is not a perfect analogy, the government needs to give thought to the point (I will call it T1) at which it is no longer sensible to continue hibernating the economy, in the hope that a vaccine or therapeutic intervention will be found.<br />
<br />
And when Australia reaches this point, what does the Government do. Does it transition to a national based economy, with strict and compulsory quarantine for all people coming to (or returning to) Australia? Or does it let the virus spread at this point, in a measured way, to reach herd immunity?<br />
<br />
My suspicion is that the answer to this second question - what will the government do once it reaches T1 - will depend on whether we have eradicated SARS-CoV-2 within Australia.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Eradication in the short run</h3>
An ideal outcome in the short run would be the eradication of SARS-CoV-2 within Australia. If we can stamp out the virus locally, and the latest growth numbers are encouraging that this may be possible, restarting the local economy with strong borders becomes possible. But it is not the perfect solution. Some sectors of the Australian economy would not fully recover under this scenario. The affected sectors would include international education, and tourism (both into and out from Australia).<br />
<br />
Furthermore, we also need to be honest with ourselves. Notwithstanding China's early success, it is still seeing periods of new case growth. And notwithstanding South Korea's early success, it faces a steady stream of new cases every day (albeit a declining stream). Taiwan might be closer, but it is yet to have a sustained period without new cases. Japan and Singapore started well, but now look like they are losing control. Complete eradication within Australia could take some months, necessitates continued social distancing, and there is a risk it will elude us.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEInrk1wHin0ThsP57J7_korX1OLgjeyC7DylN5ZszlY26JAVPeUwk3EcFcWMq48ahHWNufO7LZ6N1enClZdCBlxepyh9wJ6Qdjmq5op4tsp5gDFdUyw6tOEV18sWMu_1bkSBecqOgOyc/s1600/China-cases-growth-factor-EU+2020-04-10.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEInrk1wHin0ThsP57J7_korX1OLgjeyC7DylN5ZszlY26JAVPeUwk3EcFcWMq48ahHWNufO7LZ6N1enClZdCBlxepyh9wJ6Qdjmq5op4tsp5gDFdUyw6tOEV18sWMu_1bkSBecqOgOyc/s640/China-cases-growth-factor-EU+2020-04-10.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<h3>
And perhaps, then back to herd immunity</h3>
The ugly exit point, should no vaccine or therapeutic intervention be found, and particularly if eradication within Australia proves impossible, could involve the managed propagation of the virus. This would need to protect the most vulnerable (older Australians, those who are immuno-compromised, etc.) It will also need to make sure we do not overshoot herd immunity (as this would involve unnecessary deaths).<br />
<br />
One approach I have considered to virus propagation management is a series of pulses, where the Government clamps down and then relax the public health measures - to allow a slow spread of the virus in a way that does not overwhelm the health system. The model charts for different periods of relaxation follow (to show how finely tuned and challenging a task this is).<br />
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<h3>
Conclusion</h3>
There are two positive exit points, which I am sure we all hope for:<br />
<ul>
<li>a therapy or pharmaceutical measure has been found that substantially reduces the fatality risk associated with having COVID19, or</li>
<li>a vaccine is found that can be applied to sufficient Australians to confer herd immunity.</li>
</ul>
<br />
There is one exit point, which suggests failure:<br />
<ul>
<li>sufficient Australians have caught and recovered from COVID19, and that experience confers sufficient immunity for herd immunity to be achieved. </li>
</ul>
<br />
And finally,<br />
<ul>
<li>there is an exit at the government's choosing when the ongoing costs of economic hibernation continue for too long. The government should give thought to when this point of time might be, and in particular, what it should do if there are no vaccines nor therapeutic interventions available at that time and the virus has not been eradicated.</li>
</ul>
Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-48602274568648060932020-04-09T10:38:00.000+10:002020-04-12T21:49:01.154+10:00A back of the envelope model for flattening the curveBefore I retired, I spent a number of years working with computerised policy models in a number of social policy departments in the Commonwealth. While I have no direct knowledge, I expect the Commonwealth Health Department has a sophisticated model for the pandemic. I cannot replicate that level of sophistication. Nor can I replicate the complexity of the model from the <a href="https://www.doherty.edu.au/uploads/content_doc/McVernon_Modelling_COVID-19_07Apr1_with_appendix.pdf">Doherty Institute</a><br />
<br />
But I can build a simple, toy model - perhaps in a couple of hundred lines of code - that allows me to get a feel of what the dynamics of the pandemic might look like. In this simple model, I have made a number of assumptions for the sake of easy implementation.<br />
<ul>
<li>let's ignore population dynamics - ie. no births, deaths, migration</li>
<li>let's ignore external sources of infection - ie. I assume there will be no further imported infections from international travel</li>
<li>let's ignore demographic dynamics - different disease outcomes for different age groups and ethnicities</li>
<li>let's ignore seasonal dynamics - although we suspect higher transmission rates in winter</li>
<li>let's ignore the impact of co-morbidities - notwithstanding these seem very important</li>
<li>let's assume full ongoing immunity for those infected who have recovered - although the reality might only be less than full immunity and/or immunity with a half-life of (say) 3, 6 or 12 months</li>
<li>let's ignore transmission differences that might be associated with asymptomatic carriers versus symptomatic carriers</li>
</ul>
<br />
The model I have coded is a simple SIR model - which divides the population into three cohorts, those who are susceptible to infection (S), those who are infected (I), and those who are resistant to reinfection (R). I have extended the infection category to three linear phases (infected (but not yet infectious), infectious, and [for some] hospitalised). I have extended the resistant cohort to being either recovered and immune, or dead. So actually, there are six categories or states in my model: 'susceptible', 'infected', 'infectious', 'hospitalised', 'recovered', 'dead'. The model works in proportions of the whole population (so the six categories always sum to one).<br />
<br />
The model takes a simulation approach, on a day-to-day basis (rather than using calculus to solve a series of ordinary differential equations). This limits subtlety and nuance. The model requires a number of the inputs to be whole integers and cannot deal with fractional periods of infectiousness for example.<br />
<br />
The other key assumptions I have made are starting points and process times.<br />
<ul>
<li>At the start of the model, I have assumed there are roughly 1000 people infected/exposed and a further 1000 who are infectious. This is an arbitrary small number, but it may not be too far from the current situation. </li>
<li>I have assumed the time from infection to being infectious is 3 days on average</li>
<li>I have assumed people are infectious for 8 days on average.</li>
<li>I have assumed that infectious people will touch 2.5 other people on average (but only those in the susceptible population will become infected).</li>
<li>I have assumed that 6 per cent of infectious people will be hospitalised.</li>
<li>I have assumed the average period of hospitalisation is 9 days.</li>
<li>And I have assumed that 0.9 per cent of infected people will die (ie. nine in every 1000 infected people will die). </li>
</ul>
<br />
These values are all educated guesses based on my reading of newspapers and journal articles. <br />
<br />
I have also had a stab at the policy impact of testing, tracing and social distancing on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number">basic reproduction number</a> for the pandemic in Australia ($R_0$). While my suspicion is that fatigue will set in after a month or so, and the effectiveness of these measures will wane, I have not looked at this. To model policy impacts, I have arbitrarily assumed that these policy interventions would reduce the basic reproduction number to 1.5 or 1.2. These alternative cases show that the curve flattens, and the peak demand for health services is delayed.<br />
<br />
Please note: this is NOT a proper epidemiological model. Think of it more as a rough pencil sketch. Nonetheless, my experience has been that such toy models are a good way to check in on and understand the output from more accurate, sophisticated and complex models. Feel free to play with any of the above assumptions.<br />
<br />
Let's start with my base case - no policy response to the virus - a basic reproduction number of $R_0=2.5$ - we just let it rip.<br />
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The key data points from this model were:<br />
<ul>
<li>Dead: 206,934 (0.81%) </li>
<li>Max in hospital at any point in time: 444,770 (1.7%) </li>
<li>Max hospitalised occurs on day: 86 </li>
<li>Pop still susceptible at conclusion: 2,510,502 (9.8%) </li>
<li>Max new infections/day at peak: 853,270 </li>
<li>Max new infections/day occurs on day: 71 </li>
<li>Max new hospitalisations/day at peak: 51,196 </li>
<li>Max new hospitalisations/day occurs on day: 82 </li>
<li>Max deaths/day at peak: 7,679 </li>
<li>Max new deaths/day occurs on day: 91</li>
</ul>
<br />
The above outcome is hard to comprehend. The health system is completely overwhelmed by an enourmous peak. In the next model, we assume that policy measures have reduced the basic reproduction number to $R_0=1.5$.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHY10BmcooDfo6m3SK-cDe34gl-O1qY0mfum1GGrA1d5t0Lf4g2dEq74FTwS2DNM8BBBi7_bd22GziN7oD8qvQnbhGxsstBTA_USKJcwAfg9QfoS1tt5_0ZLCH_Rw2jNG9CqP0rhyphenhyphenuMnE/s1600/%2521SIR-1.5-states.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHY10BmcooDfo6m3SK-cDe34gl-O1qY0mfum1GGrA1d5t0Lf4g2dEq74FTwS2DNM8BBBi7_bd22GziN7oD8qvQnbhGxsstBTA_USKJcwAfg9QfoS1tt5_0ZLCH_Rw2jNG9CqP0rhyphenhyphenuMnE/s640/%2521SIR-1.5-states.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtYg7-Y0oEAM2Ggb70SH8RAzDiPVOkQEm6Z-DLBHDj8IhotJR6kOnnBjhne4vpBsvhyphenhyphenT4l07amB9ghpoX_HwMnll8-uaeM6IONpxSsh0WiJpOh28eKTnEFyi63rwwf0QmlTQd_zlOSaSY/s1600/%2521SIR-1.5-transition.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtYg7-Y0oEAM2Ggb70SH8RAzDiPVOkQEm6Z-DLBHDj8IhotJR6kOnnBjhne4vpBsvhyphenhyphenT4l07amB9ghpoX_HwMnll8-uaeM6IONpxSsh0WiJpOh28eKTnEFyi63rwwf0QmlTQd_zlOSaSY/s640/%2521SIR-1.5-transition.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
The key data points from this model were:<br />
<ul>
<li>Dead: 134,755 (0.53%) </li>
<li>Max in hospital at any point in time: 117,820 (0.5%) </li>
<li>Max hospitalised occurs on day: 162 </li>
<li>Pop still susceptible at conclusion: 10,530,323 (41.3%) </li>
<li>Max new infections/day at peak: 219,436 </li>
<li>Max new infections/day occurs on day: 147 </li>
<li>Max new hospitalisations/day at peak: 13,166 </li>
<li>Max new hospitalisations/day occurs on day: 158 </li>
<li>Max deaths/day at peak: 1,974 </li>
<li>Max new deaths/day occurs on day: 167</li>
</ul>
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An improvement, but still pretty dire. We still have an overwhelmed health system. Let's look at $R_0=1.2$:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwViqVTv7TvanXH-PBKvtJGfcepJVBwTgfwoZv5Mk7FiUGV-59EMENFdLUPQ2C7v6uxSUiCsJIrdIrwi4reI9o-LhmaMHhyphenhyphenFAssC7Pry0rsEsrMQEs7ybsAyBl_UAFiaJDvCv-aaZiyGU/s1600/%2521SIR-1.2-states.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwViqVTv7TvanXH-PBKvtJGfcepJVBwTgfwoZv5Mk7FiUGV-59EMENFdLUPQ2C7v6uxSUiCsJIrdIrwi4reI9o-LhmaMHhyphenhyphenFAssC7Pry0rsEsrMQEs7ybsAyBl_UAFiaJDvCv-aaZiyGU/s640/%2521SIR-1.2-states.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwx6H64WrF0jSJX0QGCZkSem9RaKSNRbTsQDdGt5jYMrFWlJG3ldmHK-zpDpfYLIzLmGIQOti-xCZwupI0fgsz9nvmx1TVkzg438v66hiIROv27RuE-XHZw2Rw43ByYVvSgXAWWr8kNMA/s1600/%2521SIR-1.2-transition.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwx6H64WrF0jSJX0QGCZkSem9RaKSNRbTsQDdGt5jYMrFWlJG3ldmHK-zpDpfYLIzLmGIQOti-xCZwupI0fgsz9nvmx1TVkzg438v66hiIROv27RuE-XHZw2Rw43ByYVvSgXAWWr8kNMA/s640/%2521SIR-1.2-transition.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
The key outcomes for this model are<br />
<ul>
<li>Dead: 71,969 (0.28%) </li>
<li>Max in hospital at any point in time: 27,352 (0.1%) </li>
<li>Max hospitalised occurs on day: 291 </li>
<li>Pop still susceptible at conclusion: 17,489,996 (68.6%) </li>
<li>Max new infections/day at peak: 50,706 </li>
<li>Max new infections/day occurs on day: 276 </li>
<li>Max new hospitalisations/day at peak: 3,042 </li>
<li>Max new hospitalisations/day occurs on day: 287 </li>
<li>Max deaths/day at peak: 456 </li>
<li>Max new deaths/day occurs on day: 296</li>
</ul>
<br />
We can put these three different models side by side to see the potential curve flattening and peak delay:<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCn7gcbii0jOb5mtcCldBNEvqFwJRM71keg-xSNj_0PUSmsezoTqqQmK8HErFaJpI_bEfDYIZqlZcTJa_NRP6ytmBz7SYxylRi55Uzfmh_r4ZMfFcvH9SVuC71Ak3nyQ-JjcHdOvR7lRM/s1600/%2521SIR--Daily+Deaths.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCn7gcbii0jOb5mtcCldBNEvqFwJRM71keg-xSNj_0PUSmsezoTqqQmK8HErFaJpI_bEfDYIZqlZcTJa_NRP6ytmBz7SYxylRi55Uzfmh_r4ZMfFcvH9SVuC71Ak3nyQ-JjcHdOvR7lRM/s640/%2521SIR--Daily+Deaths.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTuMuXWP-46Ou3TPT9k9rpb2dl4BzdJpSH8pz81kL262TmTzXhcW6ffyH1pW7ScGL0pkQCQyCAcD4n6kGvWEYjZLhq5STsUECTFMThmHF5neWzZCo74F8_Fmx2d48UwMewgrtCLoGxEU/s1600/%2521SIR--Daily+new+Infections.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTuMuXWP-46Ou3TPT9k9rpb2dl4BzdJpSH8pz81kL262TmTzXhcW6ffyH1pW7ScGL0pkQCQyCAcD4n6kGvWEYjZLhq5STsUECTFMThmHF5neWzZCo74F8_Fmx2d48UwMewgrtCLoGxEU/s640/%2521SIR--Daily+new+Infections.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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What these three models suggest to me is that we will need to continue to be vigilant on border control, testing-tracing-isolation, and social distancing, if we don't want to see Australian deaths climb into the hundreds of thousands. And if we don't want to see the health system swamped by the demand for services. But this comes at a very high economic cost. Furthermore, the willingness of people to practice the current level of social distancing is likely to wane over time.<br />
<br />
My suspicion is that sustaining the economic cost and the disciplined practice of social distancing is going to prove challenging, the longer it takes for a vaccine to be developed and administered.<br />
<br />
The python code for this model can be found on my <a href="https://gist.github.com/bpalmer4/08131cc6c750df53158a7d6434f818ba">GitHub gist site</a>.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Update</h3>
I have now solved this model as a series of ordinary differential equations. Which you can see at my <a href="https://gist.github.com/bpalmer4/c6642c57e8ad4b48a4efa7956a414279">GitHub gist site</a>.Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-14858065068162762732020-04-03T17:59:00.002+11:002020-04-03T18:11:30.809+11:00Analysis by differencingIf we difference the series of cumulative case or death data, it yields the daily new case or new death data. Conceptually, this is a process a little like differentiation. The process of differencing yields $\frac{\Delta y}{ \Delta x}$ for each day along the cumulative series ($\Delta x = 1\ day$); where $\frac{\Delta y}{ \Delta x}$ is analogous to $\frac{dy}{dx}$ from high school calculus. <br />
<br />
The shape and slope of the new curve tell us about the growth rate in the cumulative series. <br />
<ul>
<li>A horizontal straight line in new cases tells us that the cumulative number is growing at a linear rate along the lines $y=mx+b$, (where m is positive).</li>
<li>An upwards sloping straight line in new that rises to the right tells us that the cumulative cases are rising with a power equation along the lines $y=x^m+b$, (where m is greater than 1). </li>
<li>If the new cases are curving upwards to the right at an increasing rate, this tells us the growth rate in the cumulative series is exponential. The form, in this case, will be something like $y=m^x+b$, (where m is greater than 1).</li>
<li>What we would really want to see is a new line that slopes downwards to the right. This tells us that we are arresting growth in the cumulative. </li>
</ul>
<br />
We smooth the differenced cumulative data to get past the noise in the data. This makes it much easier to see the underlying trend in the new data (and infer what might be happening in the cumulative data).<br />
<br />
And we can difference this smoothed data again (following our analogy, this is like the second derivative of cumulative data; that is to say, $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}$). Having this twice differenced data allows us to be more precise about what is happening in the trend with cumulative cases. [Note, I have not included these charts below]. <br />
<br />
Caveats: <br />
<ul>
<li>The Henderson smoothing process can introduce artefacts to the data, especially at each end of the data as the smoothing window becomes smaller. But this is a reasonable compromise, as much of the new daily data is so noisy.</li>
<li>A larger Henderson smoothing window will make the trends easier to see, but the series will be less responsive to changes in that trend. Turning points and inflexions take longer to show up in the smoothed data, the larger the window for the Henderson moving average. </li>
</ul>
<br />
A complete set of charts for 2 April follows - first new cases, then new deaths. <br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-57519300977120567532020-03-28T22:06:00.002+11:002020-03-28T22:15:54.045+11:00COVID19 and exponential growthUnconstrained, the spread of a new epidemic often follows an exponential growth curve (at least in the early days). When this happens, the cumulative number of cases ($totalCases_t$) at time ($t$) follows a formula like one of the following expressions for exponential growth:<br />
<br />
$$\begin{align} <br />
totalCases_t & = a b^t \\<br />
& = a(1+r)^t \\<br />
& = a e^{kt}; \ \ (where \ k=ln(1+r)=ln(b)) \\<br />
\end{align}$$<br />
In these equations, $a$ is the total cases at the start (when $t=0$). The equation is subject to the constraints ($a>0, b>1, r>0, k>0$). Some of you will recognise $a(1+r)^t$ as the formula for compound interest. Compound interest is another form of exponential growth.<br />
<br />
The interesting thing about exponential growth in cumulative cases is that it depends on exponential growth in new cases. Let's take a moment to prove this. We can solve the number of new cases for any point in time with a difference equation. For example, if our time period is days, then the number of new cases today is the total number of cases we have at the end of today, minus the total number of cases we had at the end of yesterday.<br />
<br />
$$\begin{align}<br />
newCases_t & = totalCases_t - totalCases_{t-1} \\<br />
& = a b^t - a b^{t-1}\\<br />
& = a(b^t - b^{t-1})\\<br />
& = a((b-1)b^{t-1})\\<br />
& = (ab-a) \left(\frac{b^t}{b}\right) \\<br />
& = a\left( 1-\frac{1}{b}\right) b^t \\<br />
& = c b^t; \ \ (where \ c=a\left( 1-\frac{1}{b}\right))<br />
\end{align}$$<br />
This last equation is demonstrably an exponential equation, in the same general form as the very first line in the previous block of equations. Also, it maintains the original constrains, as if ($a>0$, and $b>1$), then ($c>0$). Therefore, if the cumulative number of cases is growing exponentially
over time, then the new cases on each day are also growing exponetially (QED).
<br />
<br />
We can quickly check our algebra with some python code.<br />
<pre style="background-color: lightyellow; border: 1px dashed rgb(153 , 153 , 153); font-family: "andale mono" , "lucida console" , "monaco" , "fixed" , monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; overflow: auto; padding: 5px; width: 653px;">In [1]: import pandas as pd
...: a = 7 # day 0 staring point - selected at random - must be greater than 0
...: b = 1.5 # growth rate - selected at random - must be greater than 1
...: t = pd.Series(list(range(1,11)))
...: total_cases_f = a * (b ** t)
...: nu_cases_diff = total_cases_f - total_cases_f.shift(1).fillna(a)
...: nu_cases_f = (a * (1 - 1/b)) * (b ** t)
...: print(pd.DataFrame([t, total_cases_f, nu_cases_diff, nu_cases_f],
...: index=['t', 'Total Cases',
...: 'New Cases (by difference)',
...: 'New Cases (by formula)']).T)
...:
t Total Cases New Cases (by difference) New Cases (by formula)
0 1.0 10.500000 3.500000 3.500000
1 2.0 15.750000 5.250000 5.250000
2 3.0 23.625000 7.875000 7.875000
3 4.0 35.437500 11.812500 11.812500
4 5.0 53.156250 17.718750 17.718750
5 6.0 79.734375 26.578125 26.578125
6 7.0 119.601562 39.867188 39.867188
7 8.0 179.402344 59.800781 59.800781
8 9.0 269.103516 89.701172 89.701172
9 10.0 403.655273 134.551758 134.551758</pre>
<br />
And thankfully, it checks out. We get the same answer for new cases from the difference method, and from the exponential equation for new cases, we derived above. <br />
<br />
Why all that boring math. Well when we over-plot total cases and new cases on the same chart (but to different scales), it is easy to pick if both series are growing exponentially, or in some other way.<br />
<br />
We can demonstrate this with a couple of synthetic examples, and then apply what we have learnt from the synthetic charts to real data from the COVID-19 pandemic. For the synthetic data, we will produce two quick plots, the first will be an exponential growth of 20 per cent per day for thirty days. In the second chart, we will do exponential growth for 25 days, followed by linear growth for the last 10 days.<br />
<br />
The first plot - of pure exponential growth - looks like this. The blue line of cumulative exponential growth (with a scale on the right-hand side) maps perfectly to the red bars of exponential growth in new cases reported each day (with a scale on the left-hand side). They overlap perfectly because the axes for the two charts are scaled to fill the available chart space (and because of the relationship identified above). <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAJgnWZ5x2luqPlMZeYTLrTjWRa9lh13PaHti1geRhcgYMhHMFKz4xyrNv0ayyLJeIQHxgqD65gDsW3P4NsDnZcGGFM8PbLcqVi-hDpF_o5lZCjYIkbhkDWeZvrG4y6BjoX2kAD-KMCyU/s1600/incidence-1+-+Exponential+Growth.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAJgnWZ5x2luqPlMZeYTLrTjWRa9lh13PaHti1geRhcgYMhHMFKz4xyrNv0ayyLJeIQHxgqD65gDsW3P4NsDnZcGGFM8PbLcqVi-hDpF_o5lZCjYIkbhkDWeZvrG4y6BjoX2kAD-KMCyU/s640/incidence-1+-+Exponential+Growth.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
In the next chart, we have 25 days of exponential growth followed by five days of constant growth. Just because it looks like more red on the chart, notice that the left-hand axis only goes to 16 in this chart. It went to 40 in the previous chart. Also note that the blue-line stops curving upwards from day 25, and tracks in a linear fashion (remember $y=mx+b$ from high school). <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVdXfllVukADRlqqiFqa4qtIRXzS0KMaGHaVYKkr6NYzVhINZrO4Aksjbw0GfnCUaRYRhgGzG5fVqm8yS5zfFAr00dX-k5sbvC-PZ6ROBY2TwBFmtcZCwSG2-vVyhxCXLI-Qaji170y4g/s1600/incidence-2+-+Exponential+then+Linear+Growth.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVdXfllVukADRlqqiFqa4qtIRXzS0KMaGHaVYKkr6NYzVhINZrO4Aksjbw0GfnCUaRYRhgGzG5fVqm8yS5zfFAr00dX-k5sbvC-PZ6ROBY2TwBFmtcZCwSG2-vVyhxCXLI-Qaji170y4g/s640/incidence-2+-+Exponential+then+Linear+Growth.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
The key thing to note when we have less than exponential growth, the chart has a lot of red above the dotted blue line for the cumulative total (which is scaled on the right-hand side)<br />
<br />
Let's apply this observation to some real-world examples.<br />
<br />
If we look at the growth in cases in the United States, it looks pretty close to being exponential. While there is some red above the blue line, that is probably a result of noise in the data, and perhaps constraints with making testing available. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
Conversely, if we look at the growth in cases in Italy, we can see a lot of red above the blue line. The spike on 16 March, is probably making up for the limited additional cases reported on 15 March: a data reporting issue. But more generally, it looks like exponential growth progressed to around 22 March, and since then we have seen linear growth in the order of 5000 to 6000 new cases a day. While that might seem a lot, it is much less than it would have been if the prior exponential growth had continued unabated. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI7vEw_gwV_kKU2rM_JsHawGKTWv2Eto9kmeFska9PWEJCk5doA3QlLT9F4gLNuP5JSry8ylIOBZR2Cil8F4cQ44-0zoGWGirvVyQ0GwP514nzUfsoYiCF-R5snX4yyI9-bd67YJqM8eQ/s1600/incidence-cases-Italy-EU+2020-03-27.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI7vEw_gwV_kKU2rM_JsHawGKTWv2Eto9kmeFska9PWEJCk5doA3QlLT9F4gLNuP5JSry8ylIOBZR2Cil8F4cQ44-0zoGWGirvVyQ0GwP514nzUfsoYiCF-R5snX4yyI9-bd67YJqM8eQ/s640/incidence-cases-Italy-EU+2020-03-27.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
And that is why I am a fan of these charts that plot cumulative growth over time alongside new cases or new deaths for each day.<br />
<br />
The full set of charts for each nation can be found on my <a href="https://gist.github.com/bpalmer4/7f04e808ad546baef4abcfac917ad183">GitHub gist site</a>. But please note, you won't be able to view the gist from a mobile phone.<br />
<br />
Finally, the python code I used to generate the synthetic charts above.<br />
<pre style="background-color: lightyellow; border: 1px dashed rgb(153 , 153 , 153); font-family: "andale mono" , "lucida console" , "monaco" , "fixed" , monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; overflow: auto; padding: 5px; width: 653px;">import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.style.use('ggplot')
def plot_incidence(name, incidence, cumulative, mode):
assert((incidence.index==cumulative.index).all())
# plot daily incidence
ax = plt.subplot(111)
labels = [f'{int(p)}' for p in incidence.index]
ax.bar(labels, incidence.values,
color='#dd0000', label=f'New {mode}')
ax.set_title(f'Synthetic: {name}')
ax.set_xlabel('Day')
ax.set_ylabel(None)
# plot cumulative total
axr = ax.twinx()
axr.plot(labels, cumulative.values,
lw=2.0, color='#0000dd', ls='--',
label=f'Cumulative {mode}')
axr.set_ylabel(None)
axr.grid(False)
# manually label the x-axis
MAX_LABELS = 9
ticks = ax.xaxis.get_major_ticks()
if len(ticks):
modulus = int(np.floor(len(ticks) / MAX_LABELS) + 1)
for i in range(len(ticks)):
if i % modulus:
ticks[i].label1.set_visible(False)
# put in a legend
ax.legend(loc='upper left')
axr.legend(loc='upper center')
# align the base of the left and right scales
yliml = list(ax.get_ylim())
yliml[0] = 0
ax.set_ylim(yliml)
ylimr = list(axr.get_ylim())
ylimr[0] = 0
axr.set_ylim(ylimr)
# adjust plot width
xspace = 0.01 * len(ticks)
setting = (-0.5-xspace, len(ticks)-0.5+xspace)
ax.set_xlim(*setting)
axr.set_xlim(*setting)
# start work on the broader canvas
fig = ax.figure
fig.set_size_inches(8, 4)
fig.tight_layout(pad=1)
# y-axis labels - the hard way
lHeight = 0.96
lInstep = 0.02
fig.text(1.0-lInstep, lHeight, f'Cumulative {mode}',
ha='right', va='top', fontsize=11,
color='#333333')
fig.text(lInstep, lHeight, f'New {mode}',
ha='left', va='top', fontsize=11,
color='#333333')
# save - goodbye
fig.savefig(f'./incidence-{name}.png', dpi=125)
plt.close()
# fake up the synthetic data
n = 30
days = list(range(1,n+1))
t = pd.Series(days, index=days)
a = 1
b = 1.2
cumulative = a * (b ** t)
incidence = cumulative - cumulative.shift(1).fillna(a)
plot_incidence('1 - Exponential Growth', incidence, cumulative, 'cases')
incidence.iloc[25:] = incidence.iloc[24]
cumulative = incidence.cumsum()
plot_incidence('2 - Exponential then Linear Growth', incidence, cumulative, 'cases')</pre>
<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-13832730199431383182020-03-13T00:28:00.000+11:002020-03-18T14:47:34.202+11:00Covid-19 doubling times by countryI have been looking at the time it takes for the number of Covid-19 cases to double.<br />
<br />
The short answer is that, in most countries, the cumulative case total doubles every two to three days. This assumes sustained local transmission where the local counter-measures have not slowed that transmission.<br />
<br />
If we assume a doubling every three days, then 100 cases today will grow to around 13,000 in three weeks and 1.6 million in six weeks. If one to ten per cent of those with the virus need hospital treatment, uncontrolled growth in infections would be challenging for the health system.<br />
<br />
Some countries (eg. China and Korea) have arrested growth. Others (eg. Singapore and Japan) have a slower growth rate.<br />
<br />
For this analysis, I have taken the case numbers from <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-source-data">Our World in Data</a> (OWID). The latest records were dated 11 March 2020. [<b><u>Update</u></b>: I have updated the charts for the latest data to 12 March 2020; again for the latest data to 14 March 2020; again for the latest data to 16 March 2020; and 17 March 2020].<br />
<br />
<b><u>Update</u></b>: From 16 March, I have added charts with data from the <a href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/download-todays-data-geographic-distribution-covid-19-cases-worldwide">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a> (EU). While similar, the two data sources are not aligned in many cases.<br />
<br />
I have focused on those countries with more than 100 cases in the most recent report, and those countries with at least four days of data with over 50 cases each. I wanted to focus on countries where local transmission had been established, and where I had enough data points to fit a regression.<br />
<br />
For each country, I have fitted a regression equation for exponential growth in the form:<br />
$$y=\alpha e^{\beta x}$$<br />
where \(x\) is the number of days with 30 or more cases, and \(y\) is the total number of cases on that day (cumulative).<br />
<br />
To calculate the doubling time, I have taken the \(\beta\) exponent from the above regression equation and applied the following:<br />
$$Doubling\ in=\frac{ln(2)}{\beta}\ days$$<br />
<br />
I have excluded China, as an exponential growth model no longer describes what is happening there, given the effectiveness of its containment measures.<br />
<br />
The results follow. I have annotated the anomalies.<br />
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Of note: the doubling rate in Australia does not appear to be as fast as other counties.<br />
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The Iranian data does not look like exponential growth; I am not sure why, and I have no direct information about what Iran is doing, but it is possible that containment strategies in Iran are having an impact.<br />
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<span style="text-align: center;">Japan has a slower doubling time than most other countries.</span><br />
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Singapore has a particularly slow growth rate. However, this may be changing with the most recent data.<br />
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This is not the best regression fit. We can see that South Korea is arresting the growth rate in cases. This is an example of when the exponential growth regression no longer applies.<br />
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Some further comparisons can be seen in the following charts (all based on data from OWID).<br />
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The code I used to generate the above plots is saved as a <a href="https://gist.github.com/bpalmer4/7f04e808ad546baef4abcfac917ad183">GitHub gist</a>. [Note: To see the Jupyter notebook with the Python3 code, you will need to access the gist from a desktop or laptop computer. It often does not work from a mobile device].Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-72929359606797921432017-06-25T09:55:00.001+10:002017-06-25T09:55:41.255+10:00Jobs quarterly IIAnother set of charts from the ABS quarterly jobs series ... The growth in community and personal service workers is phenomenal. <br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-13377986415239221672017-06-24T20:12:00.000+10:002017-06-25T08:53:52.553+10:00Jobs quarterlyThe ABS publishes a detailed monthly and quarterly series from the monthly labour force survey. the most recent print of both came out in the past week. Here are quarterly estimates of the number employed by industry sector since 2000. It is interesting to see in which sectors employment has grown and contracted, and how each sector was affected by the mining booms and the GFC.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinHCFlYmT1BWO-TleZ9-jLNh5slBQM8roU-Snm5KEcF_cdq5kHZthx2O39FxDyaf42vWX3jxIgolVP5ekZXRaTxAARZr5nuMEacwygJBp2y5hPwjycn_440NAG27vTv1UmAS-KV4dHZV0/s1600/6291-T4-st-Transport+Postal+and+Warehousing-from-2000.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinHCFlYmT1BWO-TleZ9-jLNh5slBQM8roU-Snm5KEcF_cdq5kHZthx2O39FxDyaf42vWX3jxIgolVP5ekZXRaTxAARZr5nuMEacwygJBp2y5hPwjycn_440NAG27vTv1UmAS-KV4dHZV0/s640/6291-T4-st-Transport+Postal+and+Warehousing-from-2000.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8GC54ulr6WoQdektL2bw_igUEcIixL7KeiF23bjVHpmob47-asKlyE9ylwjTSRhWH2QhgV9EikTFtJoW7QQXquAAawE0SPKsXTRCzfAlTjcJaBTQIu2nT_qT6-cKcIRpkMlSGrPX2vS8/s1600/6291-T4-st-Wholesale+Trade-from-2000.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8GC54ulr6WoQdektL2bw_igUEcIixL7KeiF23bjVHpmob47-asKlyE9ylwjTSRhWH2QhgV9EikTFtJoW7QQXquAAawE0SPKsXTRCzfAlTjcJaBTQIu2nT_qT6-cKcIRpkMlSGrPX2vS8/s640/6291-T4-st-Wholesale+Trade-from-2000.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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We can use the original series data to drill into industry sub-divisions. I have smoothed these charts with a 17-term Henderson moving average (to make the broader long-run narrative clearer). <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHClacz8OeXP3iijN3C9pgXGDH05Zvsx5mLsJBlTwS-Ncfqsm4XS4EBbXxXbeOzldOSlVvYvkeLbsg-SstKu4kigZ1R9JkTYtu5Kt5m7l5FEg0nGX6ishdZD02uHVx55Lp8pQmI2NWNag/s1600/6291-T6-smoothed-Accommodation+and+Food+Services+Accommodation-all.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHClacz8OeXP3iijN3C9pgXGDH05Zvsx5mLsJBlTwS-Ncfqsm4XS4EBbXxXbeOzldOSlVvYvkeLbsg-SstKu4kigZ1R9JkTYtu5Kt5m7l5FEg0nGX6ishdZD02uHVx55Lp8pQmI2NWNag/s640/6291-T6-smoothed-Accommodation+and+Food+Services+Accommodation-all.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3tNkh7aCWan8qgyTF1DD8gKqEPsD9yyirFGsQMWZVrPHoHFrXxqqyhvn4Ckla-vt4klCCi1Prn0PH85Qc7MaXC_XX-Ra16jdTuzvScy29o_boCI3OgPx3UyLZSCVWifDGNpg5ZskNtsc/s1600/6291-T6-smoothed-Administrative+and+Support+Services+Administrative+and+Support+Services+nfd-all.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3tNkh7aCWan8qgyTF1DD8gKqEPsD9yyirFGsQMWZVrPHoHFrXxqqyhvn4Ckla-vt4klCCi1Prn0PH85Qc7MaXC_XX-Ra16jdTuzvScy29o_boCI3OgPx3UyLZSCVWifDGNpg5ZskNtsc/s640/6291-T6-smoothed-Administrative+and+Support+Services+Administrative+and+Support+Services+nfd-all.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-62748856125095991452017-06-17T19:15:00.000+10:002017-06-17T19:18:03.333+10:00Jobs dataThis week the ABS released the <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6202.0Main+Features1May%202017?OpenDocument">May print of the Labour Force Survey</a>. It was good news for the economy. And this is not surprising, given the improving terms of trade and growth in gross national income (GNI) (see <a href="http://markthegraph.blogspot.com.au/2017/06/gdp.html">here</a>).<br />
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The headline statistics:<br />
<ul>
<li>Employment increased 42,000 to 12,152,600. Full-time employment
increased 52,100 to 8,287,400 and part-time employment decreased 10,100
to 3,865,200</li>
<li>Unemployment rate decreased by 0.2 pts to 5.5%</li>
<li>Monthly hours worked in all jobs increased 31.1 million hours (1.87%) to 1,695.3 million hours.</li>
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One of the indicators I use for the health of the economy is the gender difference in the unemployment rate. Since the 1990s, when things are going well, the male rate is below the female rate. In times of trouble, the female rate is below the male rate. Let's look at the long run, and the most recent period. We can see the male rate slipping below the female rate, just as it did in the pre-GFC mining-boom period, and again in 2010 (aligning with the previous peaks in the terms of trade).<br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-59568532177262971152017-06-11T12:03:00.000+10:002017-06-11T12:09:27.566+10:00Household expenditureThe <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/5206.0">National Accounts</a> include the Household Final Consumption Expenditure Account: in short, a report into where households spend their money. I must be a certain kind of nerd, because I find this fascinating, especially the changes in spending patterns over time. We will start with the chain volume measures (CVM), which adjust for inflation and other price movements (but do not adjust for population growth and productivity growth).<br />
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Which gets us to a total ... Households are currently spending around $241 billion each quarter. <br />
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As interesting as these numbers are, they are largely growing because of population growth. If we divide household expenditure by GDP, we can get a sense of the growth or decline in these expenditure categories. In the next set of charts we divide current price expenditure by nominal GDP (using a rolling four term sum for both expenditure and GDP). There are some interesting stories here: The fall in spending on cigarettes and tobacco can be attributed to public health and taxation measures. The fall in clothing and footwear expenditure can be attributed to the removal of tariff protections. Electricity gas and other fuel costs have risen sharply since 2009; while food costs have almost halved since 1960. Newspapers, books and stationary have been declining since 1990, some of which may be attributable to technological disruption. <br />
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All in all, Household Final Consumption Expenditure has hovered between 50 and 60 per cent of the size of the economy since 1960.<br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-56080191981639579712017-06-10T16:36:00.000+10:002017-06-11T12:13:43.316+10:00GDPLordy, a lot of tosh has been written about the most recent print of the <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/MediaRealesesByCatalogue/C9973AC780DDFD3FCA257F690011045C?OpenDocument">National Accounts</a>.<br />
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The short of it is that we are in the midst of a re-inflating mining boom. This is evident in the terms of tradc. <br />
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As a result, nominal GDP is going gang-busters.<br />
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So is real gross national income ...<br />
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GDP, which measures production, does not take account of the windfall gain that comes from the improving terms of trade.<br />
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To focus on GDP in the context of a rapidly improving terms of trade misses the point. GNI is the better measure of the state of the economy. And it is rising fast. We are not in the midst of some kind of recession. <br />
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And in case you missed it, an improved nGDP means taxes are now growing faster ...<br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-16175319137011726902017-04-25T13:28:00.001+10:002017-04-25T20:42:08.316+10:00Motor Vehicle Sales<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-3685052055468636422017-04-09T12:50:00.001+10:002017-04-09T12:52:17.915+10:00Dwelling unit approvals - boom or bustLet's look at the 12 month rolling total for building approvals from the original series to get a sense of how the building boom is going in each state and territory.This measure is worth comparing with the monthly seasonally adjusted and trend series to test the sustainability and likely trajectory of the boom/bust scenario.<br />
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Summary: NSW and Vic are in boom. NT, Qld, Tas and WA are in bust. It's hard to call in SA and the ACT (though it looks like ACT might be heading to a bust). <br />
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<h3>
Boom states:</h3>
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<h3>
Bust states:</h3>
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Of the above "bust" charts, Queensland looks looks the best, but if we look at the monthly trend data, perhaps not.<br />
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<h3>
Neither boom nor bust:</h3>
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While the ACT might look like it is at the height of a boom, the trend monthly series suggests this boom has collapsed. As the monthly trend series can be volatile, I have chosen to lump the ACT in this no-mans land. However, but if the monthly trend continues downwards, then ACT building approvals have collapsed.<br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-217535161619917522017-04-08T14:39:00.002+10:002017-04-09T12:19:34.173+10:00Trend unemployment by period unemployedThe number of poeple in the long-term unemployed group (unemployed for more than two years) is creeping up. There does not appear to be a strong gender difference among the long term unemployed.<br />
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Importantly, in Australia, the global financial crisis (GFC) did not feed into the long-term unemployment numbers in the same ways as the 1991 recession did. <br />
<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-29124116419369639532017-04-02T22:25:00.000+10:002017-04-02T22:31:26.820+10:00Household balance sheetOne of my favourite outputs from the <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/5232.0?OpenDocument">National Financial Accounts</a> is the Household Balance Sheet. The print for the December 2016 quarter was published last Thursday.<br />
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Some key highlights:<br />
<ul>
<li>Australian households have a trillion dollars in currency and bank deposits</li>
<li>Superannuation is worth more than $2.5 trillion</li>
<li>Shares owned by households are worth more than $800 billion</li>
<li>The net worth of households was more than $9 trillion</li>
<li>Households had more than $6 trillion in residential land and buildings</li>
<li>At more than 350 per cent of nominal GDP, the value of residential land and buildings is as high as it has ever been.</li>
</ul>
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-52655237517905075332017-04-02T10:16:00.000+10:002017-04-02T10:16:03.169+10:00Employment statistics by ageThis post draws on another piece of old code that I have not looked at for some time. It needed some renovation to use new ABS codes in the data.<br />
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Let's start with participation rates by age. The post-GFC decline in 15 to 19 year old participation in the labour market is particularly marked among males. The same decline in 20 to 24 year olds is evident among males and females. The growth in participation rates for 25 to 34 and 35 to 44 year old people in the mid 1980s was largely driven by changes in female participation rates at that time. For those aged aver 55 years, we have seen a growth in their participation rates over the naughties, largely unaffected by the GFC. <br />
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On the unemployment rates, we can see the burden of unemployment rates falls with younger people. The over sixty unemployment rates were significantly affected by changes to social security arrangements at the time of the 1991-92 recession. The home brew seasonal adjustment, breaks down in these charts for those aged over 65 years. <br />
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Moving from rates to changes in numbers. First changes in the number employed by age. Collectively, these graphs show the progress of baby boomers through the age cohorts over time. These charts have been smoothed with a 13-term Henderson moving average (HMA). <br />
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The final set of charts looks at the change in the numbers of people either unemployment or not in the labour force (NILF). The stunning chart here is the growth in the numbers unemployed or not in the labour force aged over 65 years - again an artifact of the the post second world war baby boomers<br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-14014340054947470402017-03-27T07:20:00.000+11:002017-03-27T07:35:22.424+11:00Rental inflation ratesThis is old news, but I had not picked up on it until yesterday. Darwin and Perth are going through a bout of rental house price deflation. That is bad for landlords and property investors. It is good for tenants.<br />
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This chart supports my contention that economic performance - post mining boom - was a key factor in understanding the changes in government at the recent WA and NT state elections.<br />
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More generally, we can see rental price growth across the nation is at a long term low.<br />
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Rental price inflation is back below the overall CPI inflation rate.<br />
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Finally, one for the nerds: these charts were produced under Windows 10 using python, pandas and matplotlib. The code I developed on the iMac has transferred without much pain! Nonetheless, I am still getting used to the new environment. Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-23026265812499533772017-03-26T11:05:00.000+11:002017-03-26T11:13:45.948+11:00Population statisticsLet's look at <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0">the latest population statistics</a> released on Thursday just past.<br />
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These charts look a little different. I retired my four year old iMac and replaced it with a new PC, built using the new1800X <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryzen">AMD Ryzen processor</a>. I am running Windows 10 (better than I remember pre-iMac), but these charts are made in a virtual machine running <a href="https://www.ubuntu.com/">Ubuntu Linux</a>. It is all still a bit clunky, but I am sure I will get it working properly. My old iMac Python code works without much change in the Ubuntu environment.<br />
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The 2016 Q2 baby boom appears to have been short lived. <br />
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The population growth rate looks to be creeping up again. Australia is growing at 350,000 people each year.<br />
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Our overall estimated resident population was 24.22 million people in Q3 2016. The higher growth rate since the mid 2000s is visible in the changed gradient of the line in the next chart. <br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-86525111989236068532017-03-12T20:17:00.001+11:002017-04-09T12:53:11.674+10:00Dwelling unit statistics<a href="http://markthegraph.blogspot.com.au/2017/03/housing-finance-statistics.html">Yesterday's look at the housing finance statistics</a> prompted me to dig out some old code I wrote a few years ago and look at dwelling unit approvals, commencements and completions. The headline statistics suggest we are passing the peak of the current dwelling unit building boom. The first chart is the rolling annual total statistics from the original data. The second chart is the quarterly trend estimate. <br />
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In the next set of charts, we can see that the recent decline in approvals appears to be more pronounced in the apartment sector, rather than the house sector. <br />
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Looking at approvals by state, we can see the decline is fairly widespread. The decline is not only obvious in the mining states (WA, Qld and NT), but also in NSW and ACT. Approvals in South Australia and Tasmania are lacklustre, but not in decline. Victoria is the exceptional state, with approvals continuing at historically high levels. <br />
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The quarterly building commencements data is only available to the September quarter 2016. The December quarter will be released on 12 April this year. As can be seen in the first two charts above, the commencements pipeline appears to be trending downwards. Commencements tend to follow approvals closely, so I expect this number to continue to decline over the next two quarterly prints.<br />
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Completions can be compared with the ten year rolling mean for each state.<br />
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Notwithstanding the recent growth in approvals and commencements, the reality is that completions were not keeping up with population growth in most states between 2006 and 2013. The situation has softened since 2013 (as supply caught up with pent-up demand), and now there appears to be an over-supply of new stock coming to market in the ACT, NT, SA, Tas and WA. <br />
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We can view these as ratios. In both the 2006 and 2011 census, there was on average 2.55 persons per dwelling across the nation. The additional stock and additional persons at the margin currently appears to be below this average (although it should be noted that these statistics are for gross increases in the housing stock, not the net increase after knock-downs and accounting for housing stock that becomes uninhabitable).<br />
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Notwithstanding this difference (between gross and net stock increases), the statistics suggest in most jurisdictions we have had a recent period where new stock is more than keeping up with population growth. It is not implausible, therefore that the demand for new stock has been exhausted in most jurisdictions, and that the usual building boom-bust cycle is moving towards the bust end of the cycle (in all jurisdictions but Victoria). <br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-42488342408976888092017-03-11T11:31:00.000+11:002017-03-11T11:43:39.691+11:00Housing Finance StatisticsYesterday <a href="http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/5609.0">the ABS released another dump of its monthly housing finance</a> statistics. They suggest we are in the midst of another investor property boom (or a continuation of the one that has been going since 2013).<br />
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<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-62026434426013897962017-03-06T08:30:00.000+11:002017-03-06T08:30:27.404+11:00TaxesYesterday <a href="http://markthegraph.blogspot.com.au/2017/03/social-assistance-payments.html">we explored social assistance payments</a> data from the <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/5206.0">National Accounts</a>. Today we will look at some tax data in the National Accounts. This data is found in table 22. Let's start with the seasonally adjusted and trend series. We will limit ourselves to the data since 2000.<br />
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And we begin with income taxes.<br />
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In the second last chart we can see a pick-up in corporate tax revenues in the first half of 2016-17.<br />
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Now let's look at the rest of the tax base. Of note, land taxes have rocketed with the housing boom. Also experiencing significant growth has been the taxes on financial and capital transactions. However, the rate of growth in payroll taxes has slowed. <br />
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We can also look at tax as a proportion of nominal GDP. In the following charts I have taken a four quarter rolling sum of the original tax series and divided it by a four quarter rolling sum from the original nominal GDP series. The results are expressed as a percentage.<br />
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Of note, individual income tax has increased in recent years, but is down on its late 1980s peak. <br />
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In the years before the global financial crisis (GFC), the tax take was around 30 per cent of nominal GDP (nGDP). Immediately following the GFC, it fell to 26 per cent of nGDP. Since then it has risen steadily to where it is now at just under 28 per cent of nGDP. Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3226608712819159992.post-43700386675181745762017-03-05T11:26:00.000+11:002017-03-05T11:26:22.833+11:00Social assistance paymentsThe quarterly GDP tables from the ABS include a wealth of data. For example, table 23 provides a quarterly read on social assistance benefits payments in current prices. For the most part, these are the payments made by the Commonwealth Government for things like the aged pension, disability support pension, unemployment benefits (such as newstart allowance), family payments (such as family tax benefit), child care fee assistance, and the like. <br />
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We can look at the data in this table with a four quarter rolling sum to minimise seasonal effects.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfMPnbGUk9_KdvmugDgaYGxeqZezvHskhyphenhyphen1Y0v7VihppMKV3l3DYGPpkxFDCiHskuqMjUzlySfotvFcScq7gTP_06hhyphenhyphenCd0EVZPIF7uby9LBFaoMd_05riKkkVYCnqKx4hhQFlvXW1b90/s1600/social-4qDollars-General+government+-+National+Total+personal+benefits+payments+4Q+sum-from-2000.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfMPnbGUk9_KdvmugDgaYGxeqZezvHskhyphenhyphen1Y0v7VihppMKV3l3DYGPpkxFDCiHskuqMjUzlySfotvFcScq7gTP_06hhyphenhyphenCd0EVZPIF7uby9LBFaoMd_05riKkkVYCnqKx4hhQFlvXW1b90/s640/social-4qDollars-General+government+-+National+Total+personal+benefits+payments+4Q+sum-from-2000.png" width="640" /> </a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNgd46SdT35d3Fphy3JMT74qiWjnNk9rqzbZEXMgfXf4WOK7JDVdMjdfUDtqTi5JQ6I9mGAxP1nFlpfO8SyOTf8xv_cmV_95kfRqyqHlsouu6_VXQPrYmFpJFJmGZibBS01l100gG_9T8/s1600/social-4qDollars-General+government+-+State+and+local+Total+personal+benefits+payments+4Q+sum-from-2000.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNgd46SdT35d3Fphy3JMT74qiWjnNk9rqzbZEXMgfXf4WOK7JDVdMjdfUDtqTi5JQ6I9mGAxP1nFlpfO8SyOTf8xv_cmV_95kfRqyqHlsouu6_VXQPrYmFpJFJmGZibBS01l100gG_9T8/s640/social-4qDollars-General+government+-+State+and+local+Total+personal+benefits+payments+4Q+sum-from-2000.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigfvwOnZ7f1oxi5JkNAR80hHH1UZDcEMzu8sj7aW3EIIlxuhRFpA9rx5skAuIWAjlC8LiJwoQ1BYh9l098nxmU9_6Aq76XjLHjn5aD-4oQRBsv1sKBz395fZ4f7TAthn2ASuzB0Dakmc8/s1600/social-4qDollars-General+government+Total+personal+benefits+payments+4Q+sum-from-2000.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigfvwOnZ7f1oxi5JkNAR80hHH1UZDcEMzu8sj7aW3EIIlxuhRFpA9rx5skAuIWAjlC8LiJwoQ1BYh9l098nxmU9_6Aq76XjLHjn5aD-4oQRBsv1sKBz395fZ4f7TAthn2ASuzB0Dakmc8/s640/social-4qDollars-General+government+Total+personal+benefits+payments+4Q+sum-from-2000.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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There are a few of things of note here.<br />
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In the first chart we can see that the growth in unemployment benefit expenditure appears to be slowing. <br />
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Looking at the last two charts, state and local government expenditure on personal benefit payments is proportionally quite small. It has also been in trend decline sine 2010. <br />
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In the second and last chart, we can see growth in social welfare spending in aggregate has been arrested from mid 2014. We can also see the 2008-09 cash splashes in response to the Global Financial Crisis.<br />
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In addition to considering this data in nominal terms or current prices, we can look at it as a percentage of nominal GDP. This gives us a sense of growth in payments compared with growth in the economy.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6hFDYacbPWLW9ffm6FNT4OOsRQ0R5TM_KBLvmGVtcNQuurNPvNIUjqJEukanHErL4vu4T_jBACpPMPGai8gWEBqkd7TySCgh8eVLOyz425wPjuYfFO4xHy_zMAk84klGJilIvNt7G7c4/s1600/social-4qPercentnGDP-General+government+-+National+Unemployment+benefits+4Q+sum-all.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6hFDYacbPWLW9ffm6FNT4OOsRQ0R5TM_KBLvmGVtcNQuurNPvNIUjqJEukanHErL4vu4T_jBACpPMPGai8gWEBqkd7TySCgh8eVLOyz425wPjuYfFO4xHy_zMAk84klGJilIvNt7G7c4/s640/social-4qPercentnGDP-General+government+-+National+Unemployment+benefits+4Q+sum-all.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFWwRGNkGS1Dm1Os_ORGN_tBFyzuL0HL4vISDw81x-wIHiFNy711znWk7SwgG0z0KAE5EAy_ty-VtknyggmJBLHKCT0z9Yo93xTBjtu6zPIKZ0HUGT4ki6QvRcGWJqIFLZIcbsOYd3NQU/s1600/social-4qPercentnGDP-General+government+-+National+Total+personal+benefits+payments+4Q+sum-all.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFWwRGNkGS1Dm1Os_ORGN_tBFyzuL0HL4vISDw81x-wIHiFNy711znWk7SwgG0z0KAE5EAy_ty-VtknyggmJBLHKCT0z9Yo93xTBjtu6zPIKZ0HUGT4ki6QvRcGWJqIFLZIcbsOYd3NQU/s640/social-4qPercentnGDP-General+government+-+National+Total+personal+benefits+payments+4Q+sum-all.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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In these charts other things become clear.<br />
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In the first of these charts, our current spending on unemployment benefits, as a proportion of nGDP, is as high as it was in the 1980s recession, and almost as high as it was in the 1990s recession. Nonetheless, expenditure on unemployment benefits, as a proportion of nGDP, has been in decline since mid 2014.<br />
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In the second of these charts, we can see that Commonwealth expenditure on personal benefits as a percentage of nGDP has hovered around 8 per cent since the early 1990s.<br />
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The post 2010 decline in state and local government payments is more evident as a proportion of nGDP in the third of these charts. Notably, the state and local government role since the early 1980s has been much reduced compared with the 1960 to 1980 period (and especially so when compared with the 1970 to 1980 period). <br />
<br />Mark Graphhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10462713733051104779noreply@blogger.com0